TABLE 1.

Active-learning strategies shown to improve critical thinking

Strategy	Reference
Case-based learning	Rowe et al., 2015
Problem-based learning	Allen and Tanner, 2003; Eberlein et al., 2008
Peer-led team learning/collaborative learning	Gosser and Roth, 1998; Crouch and Mazur, 2001; Quitadamo et al., 2009; Smith et al., 2009; Snyder and Wiles, 2015
Process-oriented guided-inquiry learning (POGIL)	Moog et al., 2006; Minderhout and Loertscher, 2007
Student response systems/clickers	Knight and Wood, 2005; Smith et al., 2011
Writing and analysis of the scientific literature (the CREATE method)	Quitadamo and Kurtz, 2007; Gottesman and Hoskins, 2013
Integration of authentic research into courses/labs	Quitadamo et al., 2008; Gasper and Gardner, 2013