TABLE 4.

Fixed and random effects of the ANCOVA model

Fixed effects	Coefficient	SE	df	t Ratio
Posttest mean, γ00	0.978	0.033	22	30.02***
Female slope, γ10	−0.007	0.019	320	−0.35
ELL slope, γ20	−0.011	0.024	23	−0.45
Pretest slope, γ30	0.158	0.036	487	4.41***
Quiz 1 slope, γ40	0.141	0.042	487	3.37***
Quiz 2 slope, γ50	0.109	0.040	487	2.74***

Random effects	Variance component	df	χ2	p Value
Posttest mean, u0	0.024	22	328.66	<0.001
Level 1, R	0.041

***p < 0.001.