Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample and their association with glycemic control (N=218)
| Parameters | Mean±SD | n (%) | Good glycemic control (<7%), n=37 (17%) | Poor glycemic control (>7%), n=181 (83%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.20a | ||||
| Male | 112 (51.4) | 23 (62.2) | 89 (49.2) | ||
| Female | 106 (48.6) | 14 (37.8) | 92 (50.8) | ||
| Age (years) | 50.77±13.3 | 0.96b | |||
| 30–45 | 65 (29.8) | 14 (37.8) | 51 (28.2) | 0.29a | |
| >45–60 | 102 (48.8) | 13 (35.1) | 89 (49.2) | ||
| >60 | 51 (23.4) | 10 (27) | 41 (22.7) | ||
| Marital status | 0.99c | ||||
| Single | 4 (1.8) | 0 | 4 (2.2) | ||
| Married | 213 (97.7) | 37 (100) | 176 (97.2) | ||
| Divorced | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 1 (0.6) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.51±6.9 | 0.64b | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 3 (1.4) | 0 | 3 (1.7) | 0.94c | |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 51 (22.9) | 8 (21.6) | 43 (23.8) | ||
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 85 (38.5) | 17 (49.9) | 68 (37.6) | ||
| Obese (>30) | 79 (37.2) | 12 (32.4) | 67 (37.0) | ||
| Smoking | 0.70c | ||||
| No | 206 (94.5) | 36 (97.7) | 169 (93.4) | ||
| Yes | 12 (5.5) | 1 (2.7) | 12 (6.6) | ||
| Education | 0.51a | ||||
| No formal education | 48 (22) | 7 (18.9) | 41 (22.7) | ||
| Primary level | 37 (17) | 6 (16.2) | 31 (17.1) | ||
| Secondary level | 88 (40.4) | 13 (35.1) | 75 (41.4) | ||
| University level | 45 (20.6) | 11 (29.7) | 34 (18.8) | ||
| Working status | 0.18c | ||||
| Jobless | 8 (3.7) | 0 | 8 (4.4) | ||
| Housewife/stay at home | 104 (47.7) | 14 (37.8) | 90 (49.7) | ||
| Businessman | 33 (15.1) | 4 (10.8) | 29 (16) | ||
| Private job | 47 (21.6) | 12 (32.4) | 35 (19.3) | ||
| Government job | 12 (5.5) | 3 (8.1) | 9 (5) | ||
| Retired | 14 (6.4) | 4 (10.8) | 10 (5.5) | ||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 6.8±6.3 | 0.67b | |||
| <5 | 108 (49.5) | 23 (62.2) | 85 (47) | 0.16c | |
| 5–9 | 44 (20.2) | 8 (21.6) | 36 (19.9) | ||
| >9–<15 | 41 (18.8) | 5 (13.5) | 36 (19.9) | ||
| $15 | 25 (11.5) | 1 (2.7) | 24 (13.3) | ||
| Family history of diabetes | 0.66c | ||||
| First-degree relatives | 129 (59.2) | 20 (54.1) | 109 (60.2) | ||
| Second-degree relatives | 3 (1.4) | 1 (2.7) | 2 (1.1) | ||
| Both first and second | 17 (7.8) | 3 (8.1) | 14 (7.7) | ||
| No history | 69 (31.7) | 13 (35.1) | 56 (30.9) | ||
| Antidiabetic therapy | 0.29c | ||||
| Exclusively insulin | 36 (16.5) | 4 (10.8) | 32 (17.7) | ||
| Combined with medication | 67 (30.7) | 9 (24.3) | 58 (32) | ||
| OHA only | 115 (52.8) | 24 (64.9) | 91 (50.3) |
Notes: Data are n (%) or mean±SD.
a
Chi-squared association between patients’ demographic variables and glycemic control.
b
Pearson’s correlations (two-tailed test) between patients’ demographic variables and their HbA1c levels.
c
Fisher’s exact test was used to determine the association between patients’ demographic variables and glycemic control.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents.