Table 5.

Linear association of patients’ demographic characteristics on DSMQ sum scale (N=218)

Predictors	β (95% CI)	P-value
Gender	−0.130 (−1.609, 0.391)	0.231
Working status	0.176 (−0.047, 0.527)	0.101
Antidiabetes medication	−0.218 (−0.956, −0.200)	0.003
Education	0.204 (0.138, 0.777)	0.005
Duration of diabetes (years)	0.054 (−0.206, 0.442)	0.474
Age (years)	−0.015 (−0.499, 0.399)	0.827
Smoking	−0.200 (−3.265, −0.701)	0.003

Notes: Gender (reference category = female); working status (reference category = jobless); antidiabetes medication (reference category = oral hypoglycemic agents); education (reference category = no formal education); and smoking (reference category = no smoking).

Abbreviation: DSMQ, Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire.