Table 4. Trial outcomes: Linkage to ART and voluntary male medical circumcision.
| Author, year | Country | Type | Sample size |
Arms | Study population |
Outcomes | Intervention (s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Review outcome: linkage into HIV treatment | |||||||
| Maughan-Brown, 2018 | South Africa | RCT | 86 | 2 | Adults referred for ART Mean age: 33 |
PO: Linkage to care in 3m Uptake of treatment following ART referral by a mobile health clinic |
US$23 conditional on starting ART <3m |
| Elul, 2017 | Mozambique | CRT | 2004 | 3† | Newly diagnosed HIV positive Median age: 34 |
PO:
Linkage to care in 1m Retention at 12 months after diagnosis |
Combination of: point of care CD4; accelerated ART initiation; SMS reminder; health information; and airtime incentive |
| Yotebieng, 2016 | DR Congo | RCT | 433 | 2 | Newly diagnosed pregnant women Age 29 (IQR 25–34) |
PO: Retention at 6 weeks postpartum Uptake of PMTCT services Acceptance of proposed services postpartum‡ |
US$5, plus US$1 increment at every subsequent clinic visit |
| McNairy, 2016 | Swaziland | CRT | 2201 | 2 | Newly diagnosed HIV positive Age 32 (IQR 26–40) |
Linkage to care in 1 month PO: Retention in care at 12m |
Combination of: point of care CD4; accelerated ART initiation; phone reminder; health information; and airtime incentive |
| Solomon, 2014 | India | RCT | 120 | 2 | HIV positive Injecting drug users Age 38 (IQR 32.5–44) |
PO:
Linkage to care in 1m Clinic visit in 12m eg refill HIV RNA suppression at 12m |
Control: Voucher incentives through lottery Intervention: Target-based voucher incentives ($4 for linkage, max $48 over 12m) |
| Review outcome: linkage into voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) | |||||||
| Thirumurthy, 2016 | Kenya | RCT | 909 | 3 | Uncircumcised men Age 29.0 (SD: 6.0) |
PO: VMMC uptake in 3m | Intervention 1: Food voucher ($12.5) Intervention 2: Lottery equivalent of $12.50 |
| Bazant, 2016 * | Tanzania | CRT | * | 2 | Uncircumcised men Age 27.6 (SD: 9.7) |
PO: Number of VMMCs in 3m | Lottery: weekly smartphone raffle |
| Thirumurthy, 2014 | Kenya | RCT | 1502 | 4 | Uncircumcised men Age range: 25–49 |
PO: VMMC uptake in 2m | Fixed incentives: $2.5, $8.75, $15.0 |
| Chinkhumba, 2014 | Malawi | RCT | 1634 | 7 | Uncircumcised men Age 26.7 (SD: 5.8) |
PO: VMMC uptake in 6m | Fixed subsidy for VMMC procedure: (Full subsidy $6, $5.67, $5.3, $4.67, $2.67, $0) |
RCT: randomized controlled trial; CRT: cluster randomized trial; PMTCT: prevention of mother to child transmission; PO: primary outcome used by the original authors (Italic: outcome used in this review); SD: standard deviation, m: month.
† Trial arm without a financial incentive not used in this review.
‡ Includes CD4 count testing.
* Trial not included in any further analysis due to lack of denominator data. Original analysis as difference in differences.