Contact angle and SEM images of surface-modified Ti discs. a The water contact angles of (a) Ti, (b) PDA-coated, and (c) PDA/BMP-2-coated surfaces were assessed. b Topographical features of (a) Ti, (b) PDA, (c) PDA/BMP-2 (50 ng/ml), and (d) PDA/BMP-2 (100 ng/ml)-coated substrates were examined by scanning electron microscopy at ×10 k magnification