Table 4.
Characteristics Associated with Concurrent VA and Non‐VA Prescription Fills among n = 5,882 veterans Receiving Opioids, Benzodiazepines, or Non‐benzodiazepines from the VA, 2014–2016
| Veteran Characteristics | Any Concurrent VA and Non‐VA Prescription Fills | Logistic Regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 1,036a) | No (n = 4,846a) | Bivariable Models | Multivariable Models | |
| Demographics | n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)b |
| Age (years) c | ||||
| ≤35 | 633 (61.1) | 3,336 (68.8) | Referent | Referent |
| 36–45 | 252 (24.3) | 952 (19.7) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) |
| ≥46 | 151 (14.6) | 558 (11.5) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.8) |
| Sex c | ||||
| Male | 909 (87.7) | 4,294 (88.6) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) |
| Female | 127 (12.3) | 552 (11.4) | Referent | Referent |
| Race c | ||||
| White | 862 (83.2) | 3,945 (81.4) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) |
| Other‐than‐white | 174 (16.8) | 901 (18.6) | Referent | Referent |
| Education Level d | ||||
| High‐school‐or‐less | 846 (82.0) | 3,936 (81.2) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) |
| More‐than‐high‐school | 186 (18.0) | 905 (18.7) | Referent | Referent |
| Marital Status e | ||||
| Married | 515 (49.7) | 2,212 (45.7) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) |
| Other‐than‐Married | 521 (50.3) | 2,634 (54.4) | Referent | Referent |
| Residential Location e | ||||
| Urban | 594 (57.7) | 3,233 (67.4) | Referent | Referent |
| Other‐than‐urban | 435 (42.3) | 1,562 (32.6) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) |
| VA Service Connection Status f | ||||
| None | 67 (6.5) | 506 (10.4) | Referent | Referent |
| <50% | 114 (11.0) | 814 (16.8) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) |
| ≥50% | 855 (82.5) | 3,526 (72.8) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.4) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.2) |
| Choice Program Participant g | ||||
| Yes | 395 (38.1) | 1,367 (28.2) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) |
| No | 641 (61.9) | 3,479 (71.8) | Referent | Referent |
| VA Clinical Diagnoses | ||||
| Cancer h | ||||
| Yes | 97 (9.4) | 387 (8.2) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) |
| No | 939 (90.6) | 4,459 (91.8) | Referent | Referent |
| Traumatic Brain Injury i | ||||
| Yes | 179 (17.3) | 490 (10.1) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.2) | 1.6 (1.3, 1.9) |
| No | 857 (82.7) | 4,356 (89.9) | Referent | Referent |
| PTSD j | ||||
| Yes | 777 (75.0) | 2,844 (58.7) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.5) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.2) |
| No | 259 (25.0) | 2,002 (41.3) | Referent | Referent |
| Anxiety k | ||||
| Yes | 291 (28.1) | 1,055 (21.8) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
| No | 745 (71.9) | 3,791 (78.2) | Referent | Referent |
| Any Pain l | ||||
| Yes | 903 (87.2) | 3,730 (77.0) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.5) | 1.6 (1.3, 1.9) |
| No | 133 (12.8) | 1,116 (23.0) | Referent | Referent |
| Headache l | ||||
| Yes | 238 (23.0) | 828 (17.5) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
| No | 798 (77.0) | 4,018 (82.9) | Referent | Referent |
| Back or Neck Pain l | ||||
| Yes | 842 (81.3) | 3,288 (67.8) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.4) | 1.6 (1.4, 2.0) |
| No | 194 (18.7) | 1,558 (32.2) | Referent | Referent |
| Depression m | ||||
| Yes | 562 (54.3) | 2,032 (41.9) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.9) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) |
| No | 474 (45.8) | 2,814 (58.1) | Referent | Referent |
| Any Substance Use Disorder (Excluding Nicotine Use Disorder)n | ||||
| Yes | 319 (30.8) | 1,063 (21.9) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
| No | 717 (69.2) | 3,783 (78.1) | Referent | Referent |
| Opioid Use Disorder n | ||||
| Yes | 94 (9.1) | 231 (4.8) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.6) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) |
| No | 942 (90.9) | 4,615 (95.2) | Referent | Referent |
Cell counts do not necessarily sum to the total n due to small amounts of missing data for some demographic or health care diagnosis variables.
Bolded font represents statistical significance at p < .05.
Multivariable model included age, sex, and race.
Multivariable model included age, sex, race, and education level.
Multivariable model included age, sex, race, education level, and respective demographic variable (marital status or residential location).
Multivariable model included age, sex, race, education level, marital status, residential location, and VA service connection status.
Multivariable model included age, sex, race, education level, marital status, residential location, VA service connection status, and Choice program participation.
Multivariable model included age, sex, race, education level, marital status, residential location, VA service connection status, Choice program participation, and cancer diagnosis.
Multivariable model included age, sex, race, education level, marital status, residential location, VA service connection status, Choice program participation, and TBI diagnosis.
Multivariable model included age, sex, race, education level, marital status, residential location, VA service connection status, Choice program participation, cancer diagnosis, TBI diagnosis, and PTSD diagnosis.
Multivariable model included age, sex, race, education level, marital status, residential location, VA service connection status, Choice program participation, cancer diagnosis, TBI diagnosis, PTSD diagnosis, and anxiety diagnosis.
Multivariable model included age, sex, race, education level, marital status, residential location, VA service connection status, Choice program participation, cancer diagnosis, TBI diagnosis, PTSD diagnosis, anxiety diagnosis, and respective pain diagnosis (any pain, headache, or back/neck pain).
Multivariable model included age, sex, race, education level, marital status, residential location, VA service connection status, Choice program participation, cancer diagnosis, TBI diagnosis, PTSD diagnosis, anxiety diagnosis, any pain diagnosis, and depression diagnosis.
Multivariable model included age, sex, race, education level, marital status, residential location, VA service connection status, Choice program participation, cancer diagnosis, TBI diagnosis, PTSD diagnosis, anxiety diagnosis, any pain diagnosis, depression diagnosis, and respective substance use disorder (any substance use disorder or opioid use disorder).
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PTSD, post‐traumatic stress disorder; VA, Veterans Affairs.