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. 2018 Nov 14;9:4786. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07237-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Auditory cortical neurons encode sound, choice and accuracy. a Analysis design for matching equal numbers of responses to each vowel (/u/: black; /ε/: green), behavioral choice (left: cyan; right: brown) and trial outcome (correct: black; error: red). Data shown as raster plots of spike times on each trial for one unit and PSTHs representing mean ± s.e.m. firing rate across trials for three units (two multi-units [MU] and one single unit [SU]). Gray bars show the first stimulus token. Trial contingency (i.e., respond left for /ε/) shown as an example on which one ferret was trained (F1217). b Percentage of units informative about sound, choice and/or accuracy in matched data. c Performance decoding sound, choice, and accuracy across all units. Markers show individual units labeled by classification as informative about vowel only (green triangles), accuracy only (red circles), choice only (brown circles), no variable (neither: gray squares) or multiple variables (both: black diamonds). The terms neither and both refer to the dimensions shown within each scatter plot (e.g., about both vowel and choice) rather than across plots. Single/multi-unit data shown by unfilled/filled markers. d Comparison of performance decoding sound, choice and accuracy; boxplots show median, interquartile range (box) and 99.3% intervals (whiskers). Values (p) show significant Tukey–Kramer corrected pairwise comparisons following Kruskal–Wallis test. e Cumulative distributions showing center times for best performance when decoding vowel (green), choice (brown) and accuracy (black). Gray bars represent the duration of the each token within the stimulus. Data shown for all units that were informative about one or more variables. Value (p) shows significant difference in time of decoding identity, choice and accuracy (Kruskal–Wallis test)