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. 2018 Nov 8;5:163. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00163

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Copyright © 2018 Chellan, Sutton and Hofmann Bowman.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(Upper) Schematic representation of extracellular pyrophosphate metabolisms. Pyrophosphate (PPi) is an important inhibitor of Hydroxyapatide crystal formation. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) hydrolyzes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to PPi. PPi is degraded to phosphate (Pi) by tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). (Lower) Enzyme modified LDL (ELDL) reduces ENPP1 mRNA and other inhibitors (matrix gla protein, MGP) and increases bone morphogenetic protein 2 and thereby promotes calcification of cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells.