Table 3.
Summary of Outcome Measures During Assessment and Including Follow-Up of BCI Therapy for Intervention vs. Control
| Outcome measures | Control Improvement score Mean ± SD |
Intervention Improvement score Mean ± SD |
LME Estimate ± SE |
Covariates |
T-test p-value |
Interaction LME p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke impact scale (SIS) | ||||||
| SISHandFunction | 0.4 ± 10.6 | 3.8 ± 10.8 | 2.6 ± 3.3 | Severity, age, time, type | 0.419 | 0.407 |
| (–0.9 ± 18.0) | (5.6 ± 7.3) | (2.1 ± 1.9) | (0.180) | (0.278) | ||
| SISMobility | 5.1 ± 9.2 | 11.7 ± 12.0 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | Seventy, chronicity, age, | 0.197 | 0.237 |
| (2.7 ± 8.1) | (8.6 ± 13.1) | (1.5 ± 1.1) | gender, concordance, time, type | (0.085) | (0.148) | |
| SISADL | 3.5 ± 12.5 | 9.2 ± 13.4 | 1.2 ± 2.1 | Severity, concordance, | 0.397 | 0.567 |
| (0.2 ± 12.4) | (5.0 ± 10. 3) | (1.8 ± 1.3) | chronicity, gender, age, time, type | (0.156) | (0.175) | |
| SISStrength | 2.6 ± 17.1 | 12.5 ± 8.8 | 2.4 ± 2.8 | Severity, chronicity, gender, | 0.149 | 0.379 |
| (4.1 ± 18.3) | (14.6 ± 10.3) | (4.4 ± 1.7) | time, type | *(0.019) | **(0.012) | |
| Grip strength | –0.3 ± 6.4 | 1.7 ± 5.0 | 2.1 ± 1.5 | Severity, age, time, type | 0.526 | 0.163 |
| (3.4 ± 11.0) | (1.3 ± 3.6) | (–0.3 ± 0.9) | (chronicity) | (0.749) | (0.792) | |
| 9-HPTAffected | –7.7 ± 12.4 | –2.6 ± 4.8 | 0.9 ± 2.8 | Time, type (chronicity) | 0.826 | 0.741 |
| (–2.5 ± 19.2) | (–3.8 ± 5.41) | (–0.8 ± 1.81) | (0.183) | (0.640) | ||
| Action research arm test (ARAT) | ||||||
| ARATTotal | 3.1 ± 4.08 | 0.4 ± 2.1 | –0.8 ± 0.6 | Severity, gender, age, | 0.228 | 0.154 |
| (1.8 ± 3.8) | (3.2 ± 5.5) | (0.5 ± 0.5) | chronicity, time, type, concordance | (0.699) | (0.256) | |
| ARATGrip | 0.3 ± 6.5 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | –0.5 ± 0.3 | Severity, gender, age, | 0.514 | 0.075 |
| (3.4 ± 11.0) | (1.2 ± 1.6) | (0.1 ± 0.2) | concordance, chronicity, time, type | (0.195) | (0.458) | |
| ARATGrasp | 1.1 ± 2.1 | 1.2 ± 1.9 | 0.03 ± 0.4 | Severity, gender, age, | 0.579 | 0.949 |
| (0.1 ± 0.4) | (1.0 ± 3.5) | (0.5 ± 0.3) | concordance, chronicity, time, type | (1.00) | (0.146) | |
| ARATPitch | 0.8 ± 2.1 | –0.2 ± 0.4 | –0.2 ± 0.3 | Seventy, concordance, | 0.391 | 0.508 |
| (0.3 ± 2.1) | (0.3 ± 0.8) | (0.2 ± 0.2) | time, age, gender, type (chronicity) | (0.704) | (0.501) | |
| AKATGross | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 1.9 | –0.2 ± 0.3 | Severity, age, concordance, | 1.00 | 0.46 |
| (0.8 ± 1.2) | (0.2 ± 0.5) | (–0.2 ± 0.2) | chronicity, time, type (gender) | 0.252 | (0.303) | |
Scores, covariates, and p-values are reported for n = 21 participants during BCI intervention: mean improvement scores between time points 1 and 3, (parentheses) indicates mean improvement scores between time points 1 and 4. Interaction LME p-value is a p-value for the likelihood ratio test between two LME models differing only in the inclusion of a time:type interaction term (where type is either intervention period or control) as a covariate. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.