Fig. 2.

Sex differences in CRF₁ receptor signaling and trafficking in LC neurons (blue). In males, CRF₁ receptors bind βarrestin2 and signal through small GTPases signaling pathways, such as Rho. This βarrestin2 binding is associated with CRF₁ receptor internalization in males. In females, CRF₁ receptors couple to the Gs protein to initiate cAMP-PKA signaling and their receptors do not internalize following stress or CRF hypersecretion.