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This image illustrates sex differences in ACh activity and its regulation by estradiol. Females have enhanced ACh production in cholinergic neurons (blue) and greater ACh release. At the postsynaptic level, females have greater levels of nAChRs and mAChRs. ACh acetylcholine, AChE acetylcholinesterase, ChAT choline acetyl transferase, mAChR muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, nAChR nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
