Table 1.
Main biological effects reported in different cell and animal models exposed to potential EDCs.
| Environmental pollutant | Animal model | Biological effect observed | Bibliography |
|---|---|---|---|
| Benzophenone 3 (BP-3) | Zebrafish, Danio rerio | Obesity induction and alteration of circadian rhythms | (57) |
| Bisphenol A (BPA) | 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes | Adipocyte metabolic dysfunction and inflammation | (53) |
| Zebrafish | Induction of TAG accumulation by up-regulation of ECS | (64) | |
| HHL-5 cells | Induction of TAG accumulation by up-regulation of ECS | (64) | |
| Zebrafish | Increased presence of hepatic lipid vacuoles, caused by alteration of the ECS | (61) | |
| Increased TAG storage and FA synthesis, de novo lipogenesis and cholesterologenesis promotion | (65) | ||
| Evidence of the miRNome involvement in lipid synthesis, oxidation and related diseases | (67) | ||
| Seabream, Sparus aurata | Hepatic lipid accumulation associated to a decrease of lipid mobilization | (70, 71) | |
| Alteration of hepatic structure lipids and TAG content and decreased phospholipids and glycogen abundance | (75) | ||
| Marine medaka, Oryzias javanicus | Upregulation of apo A-IV, apo A-I, Acsl1, Elovl, and fabp | (76) | |
| Brominated diphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) | 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes | Increased levels of Pparɤ2, Cebpα, Cebpβ, Cebpɤ, Srebf1a, Lpl, Slc2a4, Fabp4, Adipoq, G6pc, Lep, and Igf1. Transgenerational study | (83) |
| Cypermethrin (CYP), atrazine (ATZ), 17α-ethynyestradiol (EE2) | C57BL/6J mice | Alteration of the hepatic levels of PPARα, PPARɤ, and SREBP1C | (52) |
| Dibutyltin (DBT) | Human MSCs | C/EBPα, PPARγ2, FABP4, FSP27, LPL upregulation | (44) |
| Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) | Hsd:Sprague Dawley®™SD®™ Harlan | Obesity induction in males. Transgenerational study | (78) |
| Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) | HepG2 cells | Activation of the SREBP-1c and PPARα-signaling pathway | (49) |
| Zebrafish | Alteration of FOXA2 and FOXA3 transcription factor networks', “Metabolic pathways,” “metabolism of amino acids and derivatives,” “metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins,” and “fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and ketone body metabolism” | (56) | |
| Up-regulation of hepatic PPARα, Cb1, and SREBP levels, de novo FA synthesis and hepatic steatosis | (63) | ||
| Sprague-Dawley rats | Hepatic steatosis, associated to inflammation, lipid peroxidation, oedema of the liver cells and hepatic damage | (48) | |
| Di-isodecyl- phthalate (DiDP) | Seabream | PPAR-mediated regulation of fabp | (74) |
| DiNP | Zebrafish | Upregulation of orexigenic and hepatosteatosis signals, deregulation of the peripheral and central ECS and lipid metabolism | (62) |
| DiNP | Seabream | Alteration of hepatic structure lipids and triglycerides content and decreased phospholipids and glycogen abundance | (75) |
| Diethylene glycol dibenzoate (DGB) | Zebrafish | Increase of de novo lipogenesis, cholesterol esters, TAG production and potential conversion of lipids into apolipoprotein particles | (65) |
| Seabream | PPARα agonist, stimulation of key lipolytic genes and downregulation of ECS | (73) | |
| Methoxychlor | Sprague-Dawley rats | Obesity induction in females. Transgenerational study | (85) |
| BPA, DEHP and dibutylphthalate (DBP) mixture | Sprague-Dawley rats | Obesity induction. Transgenerational study | (86) |
| Nonylphenol (NP) | Sprague-Dawley rats | Hepatic srebp-1C, fas and ucp2 upregulation | (46) |
| Wistar rats | Obesity induction, increased levels of cholesterol and leptin and alteration of the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and adipogenesis. Transgenerational study | (87, 88) | |
| Seabream | Hepatosteatosis, alteration of lipid metabolism | (69, 71) | |
| BPA, NP, tert-octylphenol (t-OP) Mixture | Seabream | Alteration of lipid metabolism | (72) |
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixture | BALB/cByj mice | Increased Pparɤ, Cox2, and Cebpα expression in adipose tissue. Transgenerational study | (84) |
| RXR-specific ligands LG100268 and AGN195203 | African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis | Ectopic adipocyte formation around the gonads | (43) |
| Tributyltin (TBT) | murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes | RXR-PPARɤ-mediated pro-adipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue | (40, 41, 42) |
| Increase the number of differentiated adipocites. Transgenerational study | (82) | ||
| C57BL/6 mice | Lipid accumulation in adipose tissues and onset of hepatic steatosis | (43) | |
| Increased lipid accumulation in differentiated adipocytes associated to an increase of early adipogenesis markers, Pparɤ and Fapb4. Transgenerational study | (82) | ||
| African clawed frog | Activation of RXR/PPARɤ pathways | (43) | |
| Zebrafish | Male: increased body weight, hepatosomatic index, hepatic TAG abundance and expression of adipogenesis and lipogenesis genes pparγ, srebp1, fasn, 11β-hsd2, c/ebpβ, and dgat2 Female: hepatomegaly with lack of response of signals involved in adipogenesis | (54) | |
| Obesity induction and alteration of circadian rhythms | (57) | ||
| Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Primary adipocyte culture | Promotion of adipocytes differentiation by enhancing PPARγ and C/EBPα protein expression | (60) | |
| 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) | C57BL/6J mice | Sex specific modulation of mRNA levels involved in adipose tissue and hepatic metabolism, inflammation, xenobiotic metabolism and endocrine disruption | (50) |
| AHR mediates obesity and fatty liver onset | (51) | ||
| Tetrabrominated bisphenol A (TBBPA) | Zebrafish | Obesity induction and alteration of circadian rhythms | (57) |
| t-OP | Seabream | Hepatosteatosis, alteration of lipid metabolism | (69, 71) |
| Triclosan (TCS) | Zebrafish | Upstream regulation of miR-125b | (68) |
| Human MSCs | decreasing aP2, lpl, and adipoq gene expression | (47) | |
| Zebrafish | impaired mRNA expression levels of β-oxidation transcripts and lipid β-oxidation genes, including pparα, cpt1, lpbe, cyp4a10, and aco | (55) | |
| Tyhriphenyltin (TPT) | Trout Primary adipocite culture | Promotion of adipocytes differentiation by enhancing PPARγ and C/EBPα protein expression | (60) |
| tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) | Zebrafish | Obesity induction and alteration of circadian rhythms | (57) |