Table 1.
Sample characteristics (N = 57)
| FAS/PFAS (n = 27) | Heavily exposed Nonsyndromal (n = 14) | Control (n = 16) | F or χ2 (p) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal | ||||
| Age at delivery | 29.0 (7.4) | 25.5 (5.0) | 25.7 (3.3) | 2.37 (0.103) |
| Education (years)a | 7.1 (2.2) | 8.6 (3.1) | 10.6 (1.6) | 11.49 (0.001) |
| Marital status (% married) | 44.4 | 35.7 | 68.8 | 3.71 (0.156) |
| Smoking during pregnancy (cigarettes/day) | 8.0 (5.7) | 8.4 (7.2) | 3.4 (9.9) | 2.36 (0.104) |
| Prenatal alcohol exposure | ||||
| AA/day at conception (oz)b | 1.8 (2.1) | 0.6 (0.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | 7.18 (0.002) |
| AA/occasion at conception (oz)c | 4.3 (2.5) | 2.6 (2.5) | 0.1 (0.3) | 19.57 (<0.001) |
| Frequency at conception (days/week)d | 2.6 (1.7) | 1.3 (1.1) | 0.0 (0.1) | 21.00 (<0.001) |
| AA/day across pregnancy (oz)e | 1.2 (1.4) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 7.66 (0.001) |
| AA/occasion across pregnancy (oz)f | 3.9 (1.9) | 2.6 (1.6) | 0.1 (0.3) | 30.40 (<0.001) |
| Frequency across pregnancy (days/week)g | 2.0 (1.4) | 1.1 (0.9) | 0.0 (0.0) | 18.13 (<0.001) |
| Child | ||||
| Sex (% male) | 51.9 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 0.02 (0.990) |
| Age at scan | 9.4 (0.3) | 9.6 (0.6) | 9.4 (0.4) | 2.31 (0.109) |
| Blood lead concentration (μg/dl)h | 11.9 (9.5) | 9.5 (3.9) | 7.9 (3.0) | 3.39 (0.041) |
| WISC‐IV‐Full Scale IQi | 64.5 (9.5) | 72.8 (8.2) | 76.4 (9.1) | 9.43 (<0.001) |
| Behavioral performance | ||||
| Path length to target (arena units within a 500 X 500 grid) | 140.1 (130.1) | 148.6 (99.0) | 118.3 (132.5) | 0.25 (0.780) |
| Latency (s) | 31.1 (31.7) | 27.1 (19.9) | 20.8 (20.6) | 0.76 (0.473) |
AA: absolute alcohol; 1 oz AA ≈ two standard drinks; FAS: fetal alcohol syndrome; PFAS: partial FAS; WISC‐IV: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Fourth Edition.
Values are mean (SD); BOLD font denotes significance at p < 0.05.
FAS/PFAS < cont, p < 0.0001; HE < cont, p = 0.027; FAS/PFAS < HE, p = 0.044.
Cont < FAS/PFAS, p = 0.001; cont < HE, p = 0.266; HE < FAS/PFAS, p = 0.29.
Cont < FAS/PFAS, p < 0.0001; cont < HE, p = 0.002; HE < FAS/PFAS, p = 0.017.
Cont < FAS/PFAS, p < 0.0001; cont < HE, p = 0.011; HE < FAS/PFAS, p = 0.002.
Cont < FAS/PFAS, p < 0.0001; cont < HE, p = 0.178; HE < FAS/PFAS, p = 0.036.
Cont < FAS/PFAS, p < 0.0001; cont < HE, p < 0.0001; HE < FAS/PFAS, p = 0.016.
Cont < FAS/PFAS, p < 0.0001; cont < HE, p = 0.005; HE < FAS/PFAS, p = 0.015.
Cont < FAS/PFAS, p = 0.014.
FAS/PFAS < cont, p < 0.0001; FAS/PFAS < HE, p = 0.008.