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Mechanism of smoking and abstinence periods. Upper: Preoperative and post-operative abstinence periods for smokers who undergo a flap operation. Lower: Mechanism of effect of smoking on flap loss. COPD indicates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cx, complication; d, day; m, month; Pao 2, alveolar oxygen pressure; Psqo 2, subcutaneous wound tissue oxygen; w, week.
