Table 5.
Nutritional and phytochemical composition of Vangueria madagascariensis.
| Compound | Value | Method of compound analysis | Plant part | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrates (%) | 14.6 | Seeds | [16] | |
| Fibre (%) | 14.0 ± 0.2 | Seeds | [16] | |
| Moisture (%) | 6.4 ± 0.1 | Seeds | [16] | |
| Protein (%) | 22.2 ± 0.3 | Seeds | [16] | |
| Total flavonoid content (mg RE/g fresh weight) | 6.7–9.0 | — | Leaves, fruits, and seeds | [13] |
| Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g fresh weight) | 35.0–122.2 | — | Leaves, fruits, and seeds | [13] |
| Total proanthocyanidins (mg CE/g fresh weight) | 42.5–185.7 | — | Leaves, fruits, and seeds | [13] |
|
| ||||
| Vitamin E | ||||
| α-Tocopherol (mg/100 g) | 28.5–31.6 | GC/MS and HPLC | Kernel oil | [16] |
| β-Tocopherol (mg/100 g) | 63.8–65.7 | GC/MS and HPLC | Kernel oil | [16] |
| γ-Tocopherol (mg/100 g) | 4.7–5.1 | GC/MS and HPLC | Kernel oil | [16] |
| δ-Tocopherol (mg/100 g) | 8.4–10.5 | GC/MS and HPLC | Kernel oil | [16] |
|
| ||||
| Alcohol | ||||
| Cetyl alcohol | — | NMR | Leaves and stem bark | [60] |
|
| ||||
| Cyclitol | ||||
| Ethyl-1-O-glucosyl-4-O-(E) caffeoyl quinate | — | NMR | Leaves and stem bark | [60] |
|
| ||||
| Flavonoid | ||||
| Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-rutinoside | — | NMR | Leaves and stem bark | [60] |
|
| ||||
| Coumarin | ||||
| Esculetin | — | NMR | Leaves and stem bark | [60] |
|
| ||||
| Phenolics | ||||
| Chlorogenic acid (mg/100 g) | 1.0–1.2 | HPLC-DAD and MS | Leaves and seeds | [17] |
| Ferulic acid (mg/100 g) | 0.03–0.06 | HPLC-DAD and MS | Leaves and seeds | [17] |
| Gallic acid (mg/100 g) | 0.004–0.06 | HPLC-DAD and MS | Bark, leaves, and seeds | [17] |
| Hydroxybenzoic acid (mg/100 g) | 0.03–0.05 | HPLC-DAD and MS | Leaves and seeds | [17] |
| p-Coumaric acid (mg/100 g) | 0.005–0.03 | GC, HPLC-DAD, MS, and NMR | Leaves, seeds, stems, and stem bark | [17, 60] |
| Protocatechuic acid | — | NMR | Leaves and stem bark | [60] |
| Scopoletin | — | NMR | Leaves and stem bark | [60] |
| Syringic acid (mg/100 g) | 0.007–0.21 | HPLC-DAD and MS | Bark, leaves, and seeds | [17] |
| Vanillic acid | — | NMR | Leaves and stem bark | [60] |
| Vanillin (mg/100 g) | 0.02–0.05 | HPLC-DAD and MS | Bark, leaves, and seeds | [17] |
|
| ||||
| Monomethyl ester | ||||
| 4,4-Dimethyl pimelate (%) | 0.1 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Methyl margarate (%) | 1.1 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Methyl myristate (%) | 3.1 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Methyl palmitate (%) | 44.7 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Methyl stearate (%) | 10.5 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Pentadecyl cyclohexanecarboxylate (%) | 2.2 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
|
| ||||
| Fatty acids | ||||
| 9-Hexadecenoic acid (%) | 0.4 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| 9-Dodecenoic acid (%) | 0.2 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| 8,11-Octadecadienoic acid (%) | 8.9 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (%) | 12.1 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| 11-Octadecenoic acid (%) | 0.1 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Arachidic acid (%) | 2.2–5.9 | GC, GC/MS, and HPLC | Kernel oil and leaves | [16, 61] |
| Capric acid (%) | 3.7–4.1 | GC, GC/MS, and HPLC | Kernel oil | [16] |
| Docosanoic acid (%) | 2.7 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Dodecanoic acid (%) | 0.2 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Eicosanoic acid (%) | 6.0 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Erucic acid (%) | 0.2–0.7 | GC/MS and HPLC | Kernel oil | [16] |
| Heneicosanoic acid (%) | 0.9 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Hexadecadienoic acid (%) | 0.5 | GC | Leaves | [61] |
| Hexadecatrienoic acid (%) | 1.3 | GC | Leaves | [61] |
| Linolenic acid (%) | 0.4–43.7 | GC and GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60, 61] |
| Linoleic acid (%) | 0.3–63.4 | GC, GC/MS, and HPLC | Kernel oil, leaves, and stems | [16, 60, 61] |
| α-Linoleic acid (%) | 0.4–0.7 | GC/MS, HPLC, and GC | Kernel oil | [16] |
| Myristic acid (%) | 0.9–2.1 | GC/MS, HPLC, and GC | Kernel oil and leaves | [16, 61] |
| Nonanedioic acid (%) | 0.1 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Nonadecanoic acid (%) | 0.6 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Oleic acid (%) | 3.8–10.5 | GC, GC/MS, and HPLC | Kernel oil and leaves | [16, 61] |
| Palmitic acid (%) | 9.7–20.9 | GC, GC/MS, HPLC, and NMR | Kernel oil, leaves, and stem bark | [16, 60, 61] |
| Palmitoleic acid (%) | 1.0 | GC | Leaves | [61] |
| Pentadecanoic acid (%) | 0.1 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Pentacosanoic acid (%) | 0.2 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Stearic acid (%) | 5.1–9.4 | GC, GC/MS, and HPLC | Kernel oil and leaves | [16, 61] |
| Tetracosanoic acid (%) | 1.6 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| Tricosanoic acid (%) | 1.0 | GC/MS | Leaves and stems | [60] |
| trans-Hexadecenoic acid (%) | 1.7 | GC | Leaves | [61] |
|
| ||||
| Sterols | ||||
| Campesterol (%) | 22.7 | GC/MS | Kernel oil | [16] |
| β-Sitosterol (%) | 45.2 | GC/MS and NMR | Kernel oil, leaves, and stem bark | [16, 60] |
| β-Sitosterol acetate | — | NMR | Leaves and stem bark | [60] |
| β-Sitosterol-5-β-O-glucosapranoside | — | NMR | Leaves and stem bark | [60] |
| ∆-5-avenasterol (%) | 1.4 | GC/MS | Kernel oil | [16] |
| Lanosterin (%) | 5.6 | GC/MS | Kernel oil | [16] |
| Cycloartenol (%) | 4.3 | GC/MS | Kernel oil | [16] |
| (+)-24-Dammarene-3β-20S-diol (%) | 0.7 | GC/MS | Kernel oil | [16] |
| Stigmasterol (%) | 20.1 | GC/MS and NMR | Kernel oil, leaves, and stem bark | [16, 60] |