Constitutive defense responses in anp2-2 anp3-3 are independent of SUMM2 but dependent on PAD4. A, Morphology of 3-week-old wild type (WT), anp2-2 anp3-3, and summ2-8 anp2-2 anp3-3. B and C, PR1 (B) and PR2 (C) expression levels in wild type, anp2-2 anp3-3, and summ2-8 anp2-2 anp3-3. D, H. a. Noco2 growth on wild type, anp2-2 anp3-3, and summ2-8 anp2-2 anp3-3. Statistical differences among the samples are labeled with different letters (P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA/Tukey’s test, n = 3). E, Morphology of 3-week-old wild-type, anp2-2 anp3-3, and pad4-1 anp2-2 anp3-3. F and G, PR1 (F) and PR2 (G) expression levels in wild type, anp2-2 anp3-3, and pad4-1 anp2-2 anp3-3. Error bars represent standard deviations from three measurements. H, H. a. Noco2 growth on wild type, anp2-2 anp3-3, and pad4-1 anp2-2 anp3-3. Statistical differences are labeled with different letters (P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA/Tukey’s test, n = 3).