Table 1.
LIFECODES cohort profile and select weighted percentiles of specific gravity corrected urinary analyte measurements by demographic characteristics in all samples measured (N = 482 participants, 1628 urine samples).
| Population characteristics | Count (percent)a | 2-4-DCP (ng/mL) |
2-5-DCP (ng/mL) |
BP3 (ng/mL) |
BPS (ng/mL) |
BPB (ng/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (25th, 75th) | Median (25th, 75th) | Median (25th, 75th) | Median (25th, 75th) | Median (25th, 75th) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| 18–24 years old | 54 (11.2%) | 1.55 (0.67, 4.06) | 20.9 (6.06, 93.3) | 12.1 (5.76, 46.2) | 0.27 (0.19, 0.43) | 0.26 (0.13, 1.28) |
| 25–29 years old | 95 (19.7%) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.64)* | 3.97 (1.42, 16.2)* | 32.0 (8.08, 203)* | 0.35 (0.23, 0.70) | 0.98 (0.22, 5.78)* |
| 30–34 years old | 190 (39.3%) | 0.66 (0.4, 1.19)* | 2.65 (1.33, 7.15)* | 57.4 (14.3, 330)* | 0.41 (0.23, 0.70) | 1.17 (0.27, 7.50)* |
| 35+ years old | 143 (29.7%) | 0.53 (0.34, 1.12)* | 2.17 (1.15, 6.39)* | 60.3 (18.8, 299)* | 0.38 (0.23, 0.70) | 0.90 (0.24, 6.38)* |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 282 (58.4%) | 0.56 (0.35, 1.07) | 2.03 (1.09, 4.63) | 85.1 (24.0, 373) | 0.42 (0.25, 0.70) | 1.65 (0.31, 8.59) |
| African-American | 77 (16.0%) | 0.98 (0.55, 2.33)* | 10.8 (4.18, 40.1)* | 14.0 (5.52, 52.5)* | 0.30 (0.20, 0.60)* | 0.39 (0.16, 2.76)* |
| Other | 123 (25.6%) | 0.95 (0.5, 2.83)* | 8.03 (2.28, 44.2)* | 17.8 (6.66, 85.5)* | 0.30 (0.21, 0.53) | 0.42 (0.16, 2.66)* |
| Education | ||||||
| High school degree | 68 (14.5%) | 1.25 (0.62, 3.83) | 16.0 (4.95, 59.0) | 11.5 (4.35, 31.3) | 0.28 (0.19, 0.53) | 0.42 (0.14, 3.88) |
| Technical school | 77 (16.4%) | 0.79 (0.44, 2.1)* | 6.59 (2.11, 30.0)* | 20.0 (7.38, 152)* | 0.32 (0.22, 0.65) | 0.45 (0.16, 3.59) |
| Junior college or some college | 139 (29.4%) | 0.67 (0.39, 1.34)* | 3.03 (1.19, 9.15)* | 54.6 (14.3, 252)* | 0.42 (0.23, 0.70)* | 1.21 (0.30, 7.28)* |
| College graduate | 187 (39.8%) | 0.55 (0.36, 1.05)* | 2.07 (1.16, 4.54)* | 85.0 (23.2, 433)* | 0.39 (0.23, 0.70)* | 1.23 (0.29, 7.73)* |
| Health insurance provider | ||||||
| Private/HMO/self-pay | 385 (81.9%) | 0.62 (0.37, 1.17) | 2.44 (1.20, 7.10) | 61.1 (16.2, 340) | 0.38 (0.23, 0.70) | 1.12 (0.26, 7.02) |
| Medicaid/SSI/MassHealth | 85 (18.1%) | 1.33 (0.64, 3.66)* | 16.2 (4.95, 62.7)* | 12.1 (5.73, 31.1)* | 0.30 (0.21, 0.61)* | 0.30 (0.14, 1.98)* |
| BMI at initial visit | ||||||
| b25 kg/m2 | 250 (52.4%) | 0.61 (0.39, 1.20) | 2.17 (1.14, 5.79) | 61.2 (15.6, 371) | 0.38 (0.23, 0.70) | 1.37 (0.30, 8.28) |
| 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 126 (26.4%) | 0.70 (0.40, 1.50) | 4.18 (1.76, 14.2)* | 38.8 (10.5, 164)* | 0.38 (0.22, 0.60) | 0.55 (0.19, 5.15)* |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 102 (21.2%) | 0.98 (0.49, 1.94)* | 9.45 (2.75, 35.2)* | 23.5 (7.58, 98.2)* | 0.32 (0.20, 0.63)* | 0.42 (0.16, 3.56)* |
| Tobacco use | ||||||
| No smoking during pregnancy | 445 (93.5%) | 0.69 (0.40, 1.46) | 3.07 (1.37, 11.4) | 43.4 (12.2, 260) | 0.38 (0.23, 0.70) | 0.86 (0.23, 6.0) |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 31 (6.52%) | 0.81 (0.43, 1.60) | 4.79 (2.02, 16.3) | 19.4 (7.95, 93.8)* | 0.30 (0.19, 0.60) | 0.67 (0.20, 5.33) |
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| No alcohol use during pregnancy | 452 (95.8%) | 0.68 (0.41, 1.44) | 3.12 (1.37, 11.2) | 42.3 (11.5, 249) | 0.38 (0.23, 0.70) | 0.86 (0.23, 6.07) |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | 20 (4.25%) | 0.96 (0.51, 1.86) | 4.76 (1.75, 22.6) | 42.8 (20.3, 458) | 0.32 (0.21, 0.56) | 0.67 (0.21, 4.32) |
| Fetal sex | ||||||
| Male | 214 (44.3%) | 0.73 (0.42, 1.76) | 3.30 (1.43, 14.4) | 40.5 (10.3, 252) | 0.35 (0.23, 0.64) | 0.70 (0.19, 5.69) |
| Female | 268 (55.7%) | 0.66 (0.40, 1.24) | 3.14 (1.37, 9.83) | 42.7 (12.8, 252) | 0.38 (0.22, 0.70) | 1.05 (0.26, 6.45) |
| Population characteristics | EPB (ng/mL) |
MPB (ng/mL) |
PPB (ng/mL) |
TCB (ng/mL) |
TCS (ng/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (25th, 75th) | Median (25th, 75th) | Median (25th, 75th) | Median (25th, 75th) | Median (25th, 75th) | |
| Age | |||||
| 18–24 years old | 1.43 (0.71, 8.22) | 284 (77.4, 723) | 59.9 (11.8, 165) | 1.18 (0.88, 1.76) | 10.1 (2.63, 75.7) |
| 25–29 years old | 1.78 (0.76, 12.3) | 195 (83.1, 523) | 47.0 (12.3, 130) | 1.49 (1.01, 2.64) | 10.4 (3.69, 48.8) |
| 30–34 years old | 2.66 (1.04, 17.5) | 186 (76.5, 417) | 50.2 (17.8, 130) | 1.76 (1.11, 3.53) | 11.4(4.23, 61.2) |
| 35+ years old | 2.52 (0.92, 15.5) | 155 (57.8, 340)* | 37.9 (10.0, 93.4) | 1.63 (1.11, 3.02) | 10.3 (3.41, 61.2) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 2.71 (1.16, 18.1) | 171 (64.3, 350) | 42.9 (12.8, 109) | 1.76 (1.11, 3.02) | 11.7 (4.02, 64.5) |
| African-American | 1.55 (0.71, 7.42) | 382 (140, 908)* | 78.3 (25.9, 282)* | 1.32 (0.96, 2.24)* | 9.66 (3.10, 38.8) |
| Other | 1.66 (0.71, 11.2) | 154 (56.8, 501) | 35.9 (8.52, 118) | 1.32 (0.96, 2.35) | 9.96 (3.14, 79.6) |
| Education | |||||
| High school degree | 1.53 (0.59, 7.24) | 252 (78.5, 688) | 60.0 (11.6, 198) | 1.24 (0.92, 2.12) | 8.25 (2.91, 70.5) |
| Technical school | 1.36 (0.70, 8.40) | 251 (92.9, 617) | 62.1 (15.3, 167) | 1.41 (0.96, 2.12) | 7.66 (3.02, 41.9) |
| Junior college or some college | 2.86 (1.05, 14.4) | 206 (80.3, 410) | 51.2 (15.8, 119) | 1.92 (1.11, 3.53) | 14.2 (4.34, 52.4) |
| College graduate | 2.66 (1.18, 19.0)* | 148 (58.5, 341) | 37.7 (11.6, 98.2) | 1.63 (1.11, 3.02) | 11.9 (3.55, 76.2) |
| Health insurance provider | |||||
| Private/HMO/self-pay | 2.66 (0.97, 17.5) | 178 (68.2, 400) | 44.7 (14.2, 121) | 1.63 (1.06, 3.02) | 11.5 (3.80, 64.5) |
| Medicaid/SSI/MassHealth | 1.33 (0.65, 5.15)* | 252 (79.2, 606)* | 50.4 (10.9, 154) | 1.24 (0.92, 1.92)* | 6.55 (3.02, 39.0) |
| BMI at initial visit | |||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 3.11 (1.07, 20.1) | 192 (79.0, 420) | 48.8 (15.7, 122) | 1.63 (1.11, 3.53) | 11.0 (3.54, 58.4) |
| 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 1.91 (0.89, 8.91) | 175 (61.8, 483) | 43.0 (11.4, 136) | 1.51 (1.11, 2.64) | 11.1 (3.54, 74.1) |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 1.33 (0.56, 6.24)* | 155 (44.8, 413) | 39.6 (8.51, 129) | 1.24 (0.88, 2.35) | 10.3 (3.51, 45.1) |
| Tobacco use | |||||
| Smoked during pregnancy | 2.28 (0.89, 15.2) | 185 (68.3, 444) | 46.4 (13.6, 129) | 1.58 (1.06, 3.02) | 10.9 (3.54, 61.7) |
| No smoking during pregnancy | 2.13 (0.76, 12.7) | 210 (90.0, 603) | 40.9 (11.1, 119) | 1.21 (0.92, 1.92) | 10.2 (3.53, 64.9) |
| Alcohol use | |||||
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | 2.27 (0.89, 14.2) | 185 (68.8, 449) | 45.2 (13.2, 129) | 1.51 (1.06, 3.02) | 10.9 (3.53, 62.5) |
| No alcohol use during pregnancy | 2.13 (0.76, 24.9) | 237 (89.1, 458) | 58.8 (13.6, 122) | 1.51 (1.06, 2.64) | 11.2 (4.34, 67.9) |
| Fetal sex | |||||
| Male | 2.10 (0.76, 10.5) | 170 (63.0, 432) | 42.1 (11.5, 121) | 1.51 (1.06, 2.64) | 11.5 (3.53, 74.4) |
| Female | 2.66 (0.97, 19.0) | 196 (75.9, 449) | 47.7 (15.2, 129) | 1.63 (1.06, 3.02) | 9.96 (3.60, 50.5) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HMO, health maintenance organization; SSI, supplemental security income; 2-4-DCP (2,4 diclorophenol), 2-5-DCP (2,5 diclorophenol), BP3 (ben-zophenone 3), BPS (bisphenol S), BPB (butyl paraben), EPB (ethyl paraben), MPB (methyl paraben), PPB (propyl paraben), TCB (triclocarban), TCS (triclosan), CRP (C-reactive protein), IL 1β (interleukin 1β), IL 6 (interleukin 6), IL 10 (interleukin 10), TNF α (tumor necrosis factor α).
a
Weighted by case-control sampling probabilities to represent the general sampling population.
*
Difference in urinary analytes (P < 0.05) in the category compared to reference (first category listed) using linear mixed models adjusted for specific gravity and with a random intercept for each subject.