Fig. 3.

Apoptosis of LACV-infected neuron/astrocyte co-cultures. Neuron/astrocyte co-cultures were infected with 1 MOI of LACV and assayed for a cytotoxicity or b apoptosis at various time points. Staurosporine treatment was included up to 24 HPI as a positive control for apoptosis. Cytotoxicity was measured via fluorescence activity of a non-permeable protease substrate, and apoptosis was measured via luminescence from a caspase 3/7 substrate. c TUNEL staining was performed at 96 HPI to determine the percentage of apoptotic cells. d Double staining with TUNEL and cell markers was performed. Results reported are the percentages of TUNEL positive cells expressing either GFAP or MAP2. *P < 0.05 **P < 0.01 ****P < 0.0001