Table 3.
Correlates of Persistent/Recurrent Past-Year SUD among Adults with Prior-to-Past-Year Substance-Specific SUDs
| Past-Year Persistent/Recurrent Alcohol Use Disorder vs. Abstinence (n=6,966 with prior AUD) | Past-Year Persistent/Recurrent Cannabis Use Disorder vs. Abstinence (n=l,563 with prior CUD) | Past-Year Persistent/Recurrent Rx Opioid Use Disorder vs. Abstinence (n=440 with prior OUD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Correlates | AOR [95% Cl] | AOR [95% Cl] | AOR [95% Cl] |
| Sex | |||
| Female | — | — | — |
| Male | 1.3 [1.1, 1.7] | 1.9 [1.2, 2.8]** | 1.1 [0.6, 2.1] |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | — | — | — |
| Hispanic | 1.3 [0.9, 1.9] | 2.5 [1.5, 4.1]** | 2.4 (0.9, 6.5] |
| Black | 1.2 [0.9, 1.7] | 1.3 [0.7, 2.2] | 1.5 [0.6, 4.0] |
| Other | 1.4 [0.9, 2.2] | 1.6 [0.8, 3.6] | 0.9 [0.2, 4.2] |
| Age | |||
| 18–24 | — | — | — |
| 25–44 | 0.3 [0.2, 0.5]*** | 0.4 [0.2, 0.6]*** | 0.6 [0.2, 1.7] |
| 45–64 | 0.08 [0.06,0.14]*** | 0.3 [0.1, 0.4]*** | 1.0 [0.2, 4.1] |
| 65+ | 0.02 [0.01,0.04]*** | 0.6 [0.1, 3.1] | 0.9 [0.1, 7.6] |
| Education | |||
| More than HS | — | — | — |
| High School | 1.0 [0.8, 1.2] | 0.5 [0.4, 0.8]** | 1.6 [0.8, 3.3] |
| Less than HS | 0.6 [0.4, 0.8]** | 0.8 [0.5, 1.4] | 2.8 [1.3, 6.0]** |
| Income | |||
| $40k or higher | — | — | — |
| $20k to $39,999 | 0.7 [0.5, 0.9] | 2.2 [1.3, 3.7]** | 1.5 [0.5, 4.5] |
| Below $2 0k | 0.6 [0.4, 0.8]*** | 4.1 [2.2, 7.6]*** | 2.7 [1.0, 7.8] |
| Sexual identity | |||
| Heterosexual | — | — | — |
| Gay/Lesbian | 1.4 [0.8, 2.4] | 0.5 [0.2, 1.5] | 0.6 [0.1, 3.4] |
| Bisexual | 2.4 [1.2, 4.6] | 0.8 [0.4, 1.6] | 2.4 [0.6, 9.8] |
| Not sure/unknown | 1.8 [0.7, 4.6] | 3.3 [1.4, 8.1]** | 5.0 [0.6, 38.7] |
| Childhood adversities1 | 0.99 [0.97, 1.02] | 0.99 [0.95, 1.04] | 1.01 [0.94, 1.08] |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/cohabiting | — | — | — |
| Never married | 1.7 [1.2, 2.3]** | 2.2 [1.5, 3.2]*** | 1.1 [0.6, 2.1] |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.3 [1.0, 1.6] | 1.4 [0.8, 2.4] | 1.3 [0.6, 2.6] |
| Stressful life events2 | 1.2 [1.1, 1.2]*** | 1.2 [1.1, 1.3]*** | 1.2 [1.1, 1.4]*** |
| Type of prior SUD | |||
| Alcohol use disorder only | — | ||
| Alcohol and other SUD | 1.0 [0.8, 1.2] | — | — |
| Non-alcohol SUD only | 1.2 [0.6, 1.3] | 0.3 [0.1, 0.8] | |
| Tobacco use disorder (TUD) | |||
| No lifetime TUD | — | — | — |
| Prior TUD+ only | 0.3 [0.2, 0.4]*** | 0.4 [0.2, 0.7]** | 0.4 [0.1, 1.1] |
| Prior and/or past-year TUD+ | 1.2 [1.0, 1.5] | 1.2 [0.8, 1.7] | 0.8 [0.4, 1.6] |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | |||
| No lifetime PTSD | — | — | — |
| Prior PTSD+ only | 0.7 [0.4, 1.3] | 1.0 [0.5, 2.2] | 2.9 [0.7, 11.2] |
| Prior and/or past-year PTSD+ | 0.7 [0.5, 1.1] | 1.5 [0.9, 2.5] | 1.1 [0.5, 2.3] |
| Anxiety disorders3 | |||
| No lifetime anxiety disorder | — | — | — |
| Prior anxiety disorder only | 1.8 [1.2, 2.8]** | 0.5 [0.2, 1.1] | 0.4 [0.2, 1.3] |
| Prior and/or past-year anxiety+ | 1.2 [0.9, 1.6] | 0.8 [0.5, 1.2] | 0.8 [0.4, 1.8] |
| Mood disorders4 | |||
| No lifetime mood disorder | — | — | — |
| Prior mood disorder only | 0.9 [0.7, 1.2] | 0.9 [0.5, 1.5] | 0.7 [0.3, 1.5] |
| Prior and/or past-year mood+ | 1.0 [0.8, 1.4] | 1.6 [1.1, 2.5] | 1.1 [0.6, 2.2] |
| Drug treatment/help seeking | |||
| No | — | — | — |
| Yes | 0.5 [0.4, 0.6]*** | 1.3 [0.9, 1.8] | 0.6 [0.3, 1.1] |
Notes. AOR = odds ratio from multiple multinomial regression analyses adjusted for all correlates. 95% CI = confidence interval. PPY = prior-to-past-year. PY = past-year.
1
Actual counts of adverse childhood experiences (0–24).
2
Actual counts of stressful life events (0–16).
3
DSM-5 anxiety disorders consisted of agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic, social and/or specific phobias.
4
DSM-5 mood disorders consisted of bipolar, dysthymia, and/or major depressive disorder.
— = reference group.
**
p < .01
***
p < 0.001.