(A) Enteroids were exposed to IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-17A, the highest levels released into coculture media, or with 100 pg/ml in the case of IL-6 to determine which cytokine(s) mediate enteroid damage. Only IFN-γ treatment caused damage. (B) Damage scores of enteroids exposed for 3 days to the proinflammatory cytokines shown. Data are from 2 independent experiments and shown as mean ± SEM (n = 100 enteroids per group). (C) qRT-PCR analyses of lineage markers in enteroids exposed to cytokines for 3 days. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments and shown as mean ± SEM (n = 4 independent wells). Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was used to compare each group with the control group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Scale bar: 200 μm.