(A) Western blots showing the expression level of critical transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC1-1α, mtTFA, and NRF1) and mitochondrial proteins (TOM20, CoxIV, and mtCO2) in heart lysates from AAV9-GJA1-20k or AAV9-GST mice. Quantification of protein expression is shown in B as fold change after normalization to Gapdh (n = 7 hearts for each treatment). (C) Real-Time PCR data showing mitochondrial DNA copy number in heart tissue isolated from AAV9-GJA1-20k and AAV9-GST mice (n = 10). Data in B and C are mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, unpaired t test.