Table 1.

Overview of the fine‐tuning mechanism of PCAF in liver diseases via the regulation of different targets

Disease	Activity	Targets	Effect	Metabolic response	Reference
Liver cancer	Ubiquitination	Gli‐1	Inhibitory	HCC metastasis↓	120
	Acetylation	PGK1	Stimulatory	Cell proliferation and tumorigenesis↑	37
	Acetylation	PKM2	Inhibitory	Cell proliferation and tumorigenesis↑	131
	Acetylation	GAPDH	Stimulatory	Cell proliferation and tumorigenesis↑;DNA repair process↑	132, 133
	Acetylation	Histone H4/AKT signalling	Inhibitory	Cell apoptosis↑ and HCC↓	124
	Acetylation	Gli‐1	Inhibitory	GLI1/BCL2/BAX axis↓ and HCC↓	123
	Induction	AKT/mTOR	Inhibitory	Autophagy↑ and HCC↓	119
	Acetylation	PTEN	Inhibitory	Tumorigenesis↑ and HCC↑	90, 127, 128
	Acetylation	P53	Stimulatory	Apoptosis↓	41
Hepatic metabolic syndrome	Acetylation	CREBH	Stimulatory	Fasting‐induced hepatic steatosis and hyperlipidaemia↓	71
	Acetylation	USF‐1	Stimulatory	Lipogenesis↑	55
	Acetylation	ACLY	Inhibitory	Lipogenesis↑	38
	Binding/Acetylation	FoxO1	Inhibitory	FFA oxidation↑ TG synthesis↓	49
	Interaction	XBP‐1S	Stimulatory	Hepatic steatosis↑	60
	Acetylation	PGC1‐α	Inhibitory	Glucose production↓ Insulin sensitivity↑ obesity and diabetes↓	39
	Acetylation	PTEN and TRB3	Inhibitory	Gluconeogenesis↓ Insulin resistance↓	89, 90
	Acetylation	FoxO1	Inhibitory	Gluconeogenesis↓ diabetes↓	49
Immune disease	Acetylation	TyrRS	Inhibitory	Repair pathways for damaged DNA↓	105
	Binding	miR‐181a/b	Inhibitory	Proinflammatory Genes↓	100
	Induction	FOXP3	Stimulatory	Immune Activation↑	40
	Acetylation	miR‐200c/141 (ZEB1)	Stimulatory	Liver fibrosis↑	113
	Acetylation	HMGB1	Stimulatory	Hepatocyte apoptosis↑	106, 108