| Level 1: | Pain = β0i + eti |
| Level 2: | β0i = γ00 + γ01(age) + γ02(race) + γ03(SES) + γ04(sexual orientation) + γ05(between-person variable) + u0i |
| Level 1: | Pain = β0i + eti |
| Level 2: | β0i = γ00 + γ01(age) + γ02(race) + γ03(SES) + γ04(sexual orientation) + γ05(between-person variable) + u0i |