Table 3.
Longitudinal analysis of AX-CPT data.
| Dx | Age, Gender, and Task-Adjusted Z Scores, Mean (SD) | Effect Size (Hedges Bias Corrected Cohen’s d) vs. Baseline HC {95% CI} | Within-Dx Follow-Up vs. Baseline Comparison and Stability | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D-Prime Context | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Pair Difference {95% CI} | t | p | ICC {95% CI} | p | |
| HC | 0.00 (1.00) | −0.08 (1.01) | n/a | −0.08 {−0.41 − 0.25} | −0.08 {−0.30 – 0.14} | −0.76 | 0.45 | 0.74 {0.57 – 0.84} | <0.001 |
| SZ | −0.93 (1.23) | −0.86 (1.29) | −0.84 {1.21 − −0.46} | −0.75 {−1.13 − −0.38} | 0.07 {−0.26 – 0.40} | 0.43 | 0.67 | 0.73 {0.52 – 0.84} | <0.001 |
| BD | −0.86 (1.18) | −0.75 (1.06) | −0.82 {−1.33 − −0.31} | −0.73 {−1.24 − −0.23} | 0.11 {−0.40 – 0.62} | 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.70 {0.24 – 0.88} | 0.007 |
| AX Accuracy | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Pair Difference {95% CI} | t | p | ICC {95% CI} | p | |
| HC | 0.00 (1.00) | −0.21 (1.27) | n/a | −0.18 {−0.51 − 0.15} | −0.21 {−0.53 – 0.10} | −1.35 | 0.18 | 0.50 {0.19 – 0.69} | 0.002 |
| SZ | −1.26 (1.46) | −0.91 (1.49) | −1.03 {−1.41 − −0.65} | −0.73 {−1.10 − −0.36} | 0.35 {−0.06 – 0.75} | 1.71 | 0.09 | 0.67 {0.42 – 0.81} | <0.001 |
| BD | −0.89 (1.30) | −1.04 (1.23) | −0.82 {−1.33 − −0.31} | −0.98 {−1.50 − −0.46} | −0.15 {−0.73 – 0.42} | −0.57 | 0.58 | 0.70 {0.22 – 0.88} | 0.007 |
| AY Accuracy | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Pair Difference {95% CI} | t | p | ICC {95% CI} | p | |
| HC | 0.00 (1.00) | −0.06 (0.99) | n/a | −0.06 {−0.39 − 0.27} | −0.06 {−0.31 – 0.19} | −0.46 | 0.65 | 0.62 {0.39 – 0.77} | <0.001 |
| SZ | −0.40 (1.13) | −0.27 (1.08) | −0.38 {−0.74 − −0.01} | −0.26 {−0.62 − 0.10} | 0.13 {−0.19 – 0.44} | 0.79 | 0.43 | 0.65 {0.39 – 0.80} | <0.001 |
| BD | 0.03 (1.31) | −0.09 (1.10) | 0.03 {−0.47 − 0.52} | −0.09 {−0.58 − 0.41} | −0.12 {−0.81 – 0.57} | −0.37 | 0.72 | 0.43 {−0.50 – 0.78} | 0.12 |
| BX Accuracy | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Pair Difference {95% CI} | t | p | ICC {95% CI} | p | |
| HC | 0.00 (1.00) | −0.07 (0.86) | n/a | −0.07 {−0.41 − 0.26} | −0.07 {−0.33 – 0.19} | −0.50 | 0.62 | 0.47 {0.14 – 0.67} | 0.005 |
| SZ | −0.55 (1.06) | −0.65 (1.11) | −0.53 {−0.90 − −0.17} | −0.62 {−0.98 − −0.25} | −0.10 {−0.41 – 0.22} | −0.62 | 0.54 | 0.64 {0.37 – 0.79} | <0.001 |
| BD | −0.75 (1.08) | −0.27 (1.09) | −0.73 {−1.24 − −0.22} | −0.26 {−0.76 − 0.24} | 0.48 {−0.03 – 1.00} | 1.95 | 0.07 | 0.62 {0.10 – 0.85} | 0.013 |
| BY Accuracy | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Pair Difference {95% CI} | t | p | ICC {95% CI} | p | |
| HC | 0.00 (1.00) | −0.06 (1.00) | n/a | −0.06 {−0.39 − 0.27} | −0.06 {−0.41 – 0.29} | −0.34 | 0.74 | * | * |
| SZ | −0.30 (1.50) | −0.54 (1.65) | −0.24 {−0.60 − 0.12} | −0.41 {−0.77 − −0.05} | −0.24 {−0.72 – 0.23} | −1.04 | 0.30 | 0.60 {0.30 – 0.77} | 0.001 |
| BD | −0.93 (1.82) | −0.09 (0.96) | −0.75 {−1.26 − −0.24} | −0.09 {−0.59 − 0.41} | 0.84 {−0.21 – 1.89} | 1.68 | 0.11 | * | * |
| AX Reaction Time | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Pair Difference {95% CI} | t | p | ICC {95% CI} | p | |
| HC | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.05 (1.13) | n/a | 0.05 {−0.38 − 0.28} | 0.05 {−0.28 – 0.17} | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.75 {0.60 – 0.84} | <0.001 |
| SZ | 0.70 (1.31) | 0.82 (1.31) | 0.61 {0.24 − 0.98} | 0.71 {0.34 − 1.08} | 0.12 {−0.21 – 0.45} | 0.73 | 0.47 | 0.75 {0.57 – 0.86} | <0.001 |
| BD | 0.56 (1.35) | 0.44 (1.37) | 0.51 {0.01 − 1.01} | 0.40 {−0.10 − 0.90} | −0.12 {−0.85 – 0.62} | −0.33 | 0.75 | 0.51 {−0.28 – 0.81} | 0.071 |
| AY Reaction Time | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Pair Difference {95% CI} | t | p | ICC {95% CI} | p | |
| HC | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.02 (0.98) | n/a | 0.02 {−0.31 − 0.35} | 0.02 {−0.24 – 0.28} | 0.15 | 0.88 | 0.56 {0.29 – 0.73} | <0.001 |
| SZ | 0.49 (0.99) | 0.52 (1.10) | 0.49 {0.12 − 0.85} | 0.50 {0.13 − 0.86} | 0.03 {−0.23 – 0.30} | 0.24 | 0.81 | 0.74 {0.55 – 0.85} | <0.001 |
| BD | 0.56 (0.97) | 0.41 (1.33) | 0.56 {0.06 − 1.06} | 0.38 {−0.12 − 0.88} | −0.15 {−0.65 – 0.34} | −0.64 | 0.53 | 0.74 {0.35 – 0.90} | 0.003 |
| BX Reaction Time | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Pair Difference {95% CI} | t | p | ICC {95% CI} | p | |
| HC | 0.00 (1.00) | −0.08 (0.92) | n/a | −0.08 {−0.41 − 0.25} | −0.08 {−0.31 – 0.15} | −0.67 | 0.51 | 0.67 {0.47 – 0.80} | <0.001 |
| SZ | 0.51 (1.09) | 0.66 (1.18) | 0.49 {0.12 − 0.85} | 0.61 {0.24 − 0.97} | 0.15 {−0.14 – 0.44} | 1.04 | 0.30 | 0.73 {0.53 – 0.84} | <0.001 |
| BD | 0.55 (0.95) | 0.42 (1.03) | 0.55 {0.05 − 1.05} | 0.41 {−0.09 − 0.91} | −0.13 {−0.68 – 0.43} | −0.48 | 0.64 | 0.45 {−0.44 – 0.78} | 0.11 |
| BY Reaction Time | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Pair Difference {95% CI} | t | p | ICC | p | |
| HC | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.06 (0.95) | n/a | 0.06 {−0.27 − 0.39} | 0.06 {−0.28 – 0.17} | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.70 {0.51 – 0.81} | <0.001 |
| SZ | 0.80 (1.06) | 0.78 (1.32) | 0.77 {0.40 − 1.15} | 0.68 {0.31 − 1.04} | −0.02 {−0.25 – 0.29} | −0.15 | 0.88 | 0.81 {0.67 – 0.89} | <0.001 |
| BD | 0.73 (1.06) | 0.58 (1.26) | 0.71 {0.21 − 1.22} | 0.54 {0.04 − 1.04} | −0.15 {−0.37 – 0.67} | −0.60 | 0.55 | 0.71 {0.25 – 0.88} | 0.006 |
Abbreviations: BD = Bipolar Disorder, CI = confidence interval, HC = Healthy Control, ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient, SD = standard deviation, SZ = Schizophrenia. *Negative correlation (violates reliability assumptions).