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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2018 Dec;159(12):2442–2460. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001342

Table 4.

Mean Effect Sizes

Association K N ES (r) SE 95% C.I. Z Q I2
Random-effects model
Pain Intensity 35 4661 0.29** 0.03 [0.24, 0.34] 11.37 85.12** 60.06
Physical Disability 30 4622 0.39** 0.03 [0.35, 0.43] 15.26 72.33** 59.91
Anxiety 15 2867 0.55** 0.03 [0.50, 0.59] 18.96 28.04** 50.07
Depression 19 2691 0.49** 0.04 [0.43, 0.55] 12.58 66.96** 73.12
Quality of Life 10 1724 −0.48** 0.06 [−0.56, −0.39] −9.32 30.31** 70.31
*

p<.05

**

p<.01