Schematic of the experimental design used in this study. Sampling times occurred at 1, 2, and 3W (first instar larvae held at 23 °C for 1, 2, or 3 weeks after hatch); 10 and 25 W (second instar larvae held at 4 °C for 10 and 25 weeks); and 1, 3, and 5D (second instar larvae returned to 23 °C for 1, 3, and 5 days after 25 weeks at 4 °C). Note that spruce budworm diapause extends from August to May in the field