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. 2018 Nov 15;9:4798. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07241-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The verification for electrochemical actuation of W18O49 nanowires. Volume (a) and interlayer (b) changes as a function of the number of Li⁺ inserted into monoclinic WO₃; c Volume change as a function of the number of Li⁺ inserted into cubic WO₃. d The corresponding structural evolution during the Li⁺ intercalation process; e In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction of W₁₈O₄₉NWs during lithiation/delithiation processes. f Simulated bending angles versus the number of inserted Li⁺