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. 2018 Nov 9;9:2165. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02165

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Copyright © 2018 Clifford and Palmer.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) The simulated effect of normalization mechanisms on the tuning of perceptual aftereffects. This figure shows the size of perceptual aftereffects predicted by the model of perceived gaze direction (illustrated in Figure 4) following adaptation to 25° leftward gaze, across a range of test stimulus gaze directions. In the model of perceived gaze direction, the encoded gaze direction is normalized to the summed activation across gaze-selective sensory channels. The plotted lines show the simulated aftereffects for a series of models ranging from ‘full’ normalization of the encoded gaze direction to a complete lack of normalization. As the degree of normalization is reduced, the tuning of aftereffects across test gaze directions change in a systematic way. Thus, perceptual aftereffects observed following adaptation to gaze direction may be indicative of differences between individuals or groups in the operation of normalization mechanisms in the coding of gaze direction. (B) The simulated effects of channel adaptability on perceptual aftereffects. The plotted lines show the simulated aftereffects for a series of models with the same degree of normalization, but where exposure to the adapting stimulus results in either a stronger or weaker change in subsequent channel sensitivities. The degree of channel adaptability scales the magnitude of perceptual aftereffects, but has a less distinct effect on the tuning of aftereffects across stimulus gaze directions compared to the effect of varying normalization shown in (A).