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. 2018 Nov 15;8:16863. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35340-4

Table 3.

Resource utilization and costs during 12 months before diagnosis comparing NET patients and non-cancer controls.

NET Patients Non-cancer Controls
Mean SD Median Mean SD Median p-value
Total costs 14602.18 29165 5063.42 9463.73 22264.8 2316.17 <0.0001
Outpatient costs 5987.17 8269.78 3732.39 4252.91 7643.91 2047.11 <0.0001
Inpatient costs 8615.01 25874.8 0 5210.82 18639.9 0 <0.0001
Number of outpatient visits 22.13 16.72 18 17.22 15.58 13 <0.0001
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage p-value
Having any ER Admissions 1945 20.87 1078 11.57 <0.0001
Having any Hospitalizations 2647 28.4 1585 17.01 <0.0001
Subgroup Analyses by Stage
Total costs Mean SD Median Mean SD Median p-value
Localized 15842.25 32437 5454.97 9704.82 22571.2 2206 <0.0001
Regional 14770.22 27633.5 5751.42 8881.38 20000.3 2163.84 <0.0001
Distant 12235.58 23846.7 4149.37 9546.25 24267.8 2390.89 <0.0001
Outpatient costs
Localized 6574.61 8943.33 4215.15 4296.53 7396.88 2006.08 <0.0001
Regional 5774.95 6742.27 3910.87 4093.23 7340.44 1929.2 <0.0001
Distant 5248.64 7426.49 3197.03 4305.85 8245.13 2105.83 <0.0001
Inpatient costs
Localized 9267.64 28799.5 0 5408.29 18622.8 0 <0.0001
Regional 8995.27 24989.8 0 4788.15 16647 0 <0.0001
Distant 6986.94 20990.7 0 5240.4 20698.9 0 <0.0001
Number of outpatient visits
Localized 6574.61 8943.33 4215.15 4296.53 7396.88 2006.08 <0.0001
Regional 5774.95 6742.27 3910.87 4093.23 7340.44 1929.2 <0.0001
Distant 5248.64 7426.49 3197.03 4305.85 8245.13 2105.83 <0.0001
Having any ER Admissions Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage p-value
Localized 943 28.62% 556 16.87% <0.0001
Regional 376 23.33% 1759 10.81% <0.0001
Distant 495 18.40% 302 11.23% <0.0001
Having any Hospitalizations
Localized 679 20.61% 378 11.47% <0.0001
Regional 493 30.45% 270 16.68% <0.0001
Distant 679 25.24% 444 16.51% <0.0001
Subgroup Analyses by Grade
Total costs Mean SD Median Mean SD Median p-value
Grade I 15534.43 31283.6 5463.53 9439.16 21488.4 2280.65 <0.0001
Grade II 11908.49 23901.5 4904.39 9217.39 21665.6 2167.1 <0.0001
Grade III/IV 13622.75 24333.5 4601.54 9709.22 20913.9 2585.37 <0.0001
Mixed Histology 14685.9 27043.8 4407.28 8961.7 23501.7 2612.84 <0.0001
Outpatient costs
Grade I 6284.43 8456.3 4082.87 4311.32 7760.33 2031.5 <0.0001
Grade II 5692.42 6098.91 3922.06 4218.26 7028.03 2006.76 <0.0001
Grade III/IV 5328.57 7489.13 3309.24 4143.71 6414.61 2073.92 <0.0001
Mixed Histology 5839.8 7714.53 3470.46 3904.48 5311.84 2307.47 0.0007
Inpatient costs
Grade I 9250 27919.2 0 5127.84 17325.2 0 <0.0001
Grade II 6216.07 22007.7 0 4999.12 18207.7 0 0.0001
Grade III/IV 8294.18 21551.9 0 5565.51 18291.3 0 <0.0001
Mixed Histology 8846.11 23244.5 0 5057.22 21805 0 <0.0001
Number of outpatient visits
Grade I 22.83 16.65 19 17.33 15.94 13 <0.0001
Grade II 22.53 15.86 19 16.87 14.47 14 <0.0001
Grade III/IV 20.53 16.77 17 17.07 14.92 14 <0.0001
Mixed Histology 22.52 17.47 18 17.46 14.53 14 0.0009
Having any ER Admissions Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage p-value
Grade I 1050 21.38% 579 11.79% <0.0001
Grade II 102 16.45% 65 10.48% 0.0021
Grade III/IV 292 20.41% 163 11.39% <0.0001
Mixed Histology 61 24.40% 29 11.60% 0.0002
Having any Hospitalizations
Grade I 1422 28.96% 853 17.37% <0.0001
Grade II 152 24.52% 92 14.84% <0.0001
Grade III/IV 400 27.95% 251 17.54% <0.0001
Mixed Histology 73 29.20% 36 14.40% <0.0001
Subgroup Analyses by Site
Total costs Mean SD Median Mean SD Median p-value
Colon, rectum 11656.11 25519.3 3175.43 9260.24 19918 2199.49 <0.0001
Lung, bronchus, larynx, trachea, other respiratory organ 13817.3 27719.6 5461.51 9030.99 22961 2202.63 <0.0001
Pancreas 14607.99 26877 5445.99 10850.47 28110.9 2619.58 <0.0001
Small intestine, appendix, cecum 16836.94 32798 5824.86 9537.66 21613.9 2214.08 <0.0001
Other 14840.14 29318.4 5014.15 9613.82 21130.8 2554.67 <0.0001
Outpatient costs
Colon, rectum 4995.01 8383.72 2494.16 4254.25 6510.08 1951.85 <0.0001
Lung, bronchus, larynx, trachea, other respiratory organ 5970.99 7563.28 4140.5 4036.67 7894.94 1982.85 <0.0001
Pancreas 6483.69 8718.97 4160.01 4817.85 8276.41 2326.79 <0.0001
Small intestine, appendix, cecum 6158.14 8039.34 3874.47 4229.38 7380.68 1972.15 <0.0001
Other 6186.15 9066.24 3700.41 4374.28) 7902.39 2179.35 <0.0001
Inpatient costs
Colon, rectum 6661.1 21156.9 0 5006 16885.4 0 0.0046
Lung, bronchus, larynx, trachea, other respiratory organ 7846.31 25075 0 4994.32 19142.8 0 <0.0001
Pancreas 8124.3 23190.4 0 6032.61 24288.6 0 <0.0001
Small intestine, appendix, cecum 10678.81 29735.7 0 5308.28 17890.6 0 <0.0001
Other 8653.99 25545.8 0 5239.54 17607.6 0 <0.0001
Number of outpatient visits
Colon, rectum 18.64 15.27 15 17.11 16.83 13 0.0001
Lung, bronchus, larynx, trachea, other respiratory organ 22.27 16.69 19 16.82 15.42 13 <0.0001
Pancreas 23.73 17.34 20 18.15 15.78 14 <0.0001
Small intestine, appendix, cecum 22.91 16.88 19 17.19 15.17 13 <0.0001
Other 22.47 16.87 19 17.53 15.45 14 <0.0001
Having any ER Admissions Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage p-value
Colon, rectum 192 16.58% 125 10.79% 0.0036
Lung, bronchus, larynx, trachea, other respiratory organ 570 19.88% 320 11.16% <0.0001
Pancreas 126 18.21% 82 11.85% 0.0009
Small intestine, appendix, cecum 577 25.25% 264 11.55% <0.0001
Other 480 20.72% 2879 12.39% <0.0001
Having any Hospitalizations
Colon, rectum 259 22.37% 203 17.53% 0.0036
Lung, bronchus, larynx, trachea, other respiratory organ 790 27.55% 460 16.04% <0.0001
Pancreas 194 28.03% 122 17.63% <0.0001
Small intestine, appendix, cecum 740 32.39% 395 17.29% <0.0001
Other 664 28.66% 405 17.48% <0.0001

SD: standard deviation.

Note: For histology grades, grade I would be analogous to well-differentiated, low grade; grade II to well-differentiated, intermediate grade; and grades III, IV to poorly differentiated or high grade in the SEER and WHO classifications respectively. The mixed histology refers to mixed neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine neoplasms.