Table 1.
Description of included studies.
| References | Setting | Included diagnoses | Study size and diagnostic period | Source of identification of cancer cases | Socioeconomic and sociodemographic measurements of relevance | Outcome of relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (9) | Denmark | All diagnoses combined; hematological malignancies– ALL, CNS tumors, non-CNS solid tumors | 3,797 children, diagnosed < 20 years old during 1990-2009 | Danish cancer registry | Individual level: Maternal and paternal education, maternal income, parents' cohabitation status, and number of full siblings < 19 years, based on registries | Overall survival |
| (5) | Switzerland | All diagnoses combined; leukemia- ALL, lymphoma, CNS tumors, bone and soft tissue tumors, embryonal tumors | 1,602 children, diagnosed < 16 years old during 1991– 2006 | Swiss childhood cancer registry | Individual level: Maternal and paternal education, and living conditions (number of rooms per person, living space), based on census. Area-based: SES-index | 5 year cumulative mortality |
| (6) | Sweden | All diagnoses combined; leukemia- ALL, tumors of the nervous system- brain tumors, lymphoma | 4,723 children, diagnosed 1-14 years old during 1991–2010 | Swedish cancer registry | Individual level: Parental education, and household income, based on registries | Overall survival, follow-up for maximum 10 years |
| (7) | Finland | All diagnoses combined; ALL and LBL, CNS tumors, all other malignant neoplasms | 4,437 children diagnosed < 20 years old during 1990–2009 | Finnish cancer registry | Individual level: Combined parental income, highest parental education, maternal and paternal employment status, based on registers | Cause specific mortality (death from primary cancer) and childhood cancer specific survival, follow-up for maximum 5 years |
| (10) | Northern England | Leukemia; ALL, acute non-lymphocytic leukemia | 1,007 children, diagnosed 0-14 years old during 1968-2010 | Northern region young persons malignant disease registry | Individual level: Paternal occupational social class, based on birth certificate | Overall mortality |
| (11) | U.S | Hematologic malignancies, CNS tumors, solid tumors | 36,337 children, diagnosed 0-19 years old during 1992–2011 | SEER | Area-based: Poverty, education, unemployment, language isolation, foreign-born, and income, based on census | Death within one month of diagnosis |
| (12) | West Germany | ALL | 647 children, diagnosed < 15 years old during 1992–1994 | German childhood cancer registry | Individual level: Maternal and paternal education, family income, and residential area, based on telephone interviews (response rate 82%) | Overall survival and event-free survival, follow-up for maximum 10 years |
| (13) | Greece | ALL, AML | 994 children, diagnosed 0–14 years old during 1996–2010 | Nationwide registry for childhood hematological malignancies | Individual level: Parental marital status, parental socioprofessional category, maternal education, number of children, place of living, and travel distance, based on questionnaires | Overall mortality |
| (14) | West Germany | ALL | 647 children, diagnosed < 15 years old during 1992–1994 | The German childhood cancer registry | Individual level: Birth order, number of siblings, place of residence, based on questionnaires (response rate 82%) | Overall survival and event-free survival, follow-up for maximum 10 years |
| (15) | Canada | ALL | 1,541 children diagnosed < 18 years old during 1995–2011 | Pediatric oncology group of ontario networked information system | Individual level: Rurality, distance from tertiary center Area-based: Neighborhood income, based on census | Event-free survival |
| (16) | California, U.S. | ALL | 9,295 children diagnosed 0–19 years old during 1988–2011 | California cancer registry | Area-based: Neighborhood SES, based on census | Overall survival |
| (17) | Texas & Florida, U.S. | ALL | 4,719 children diagnosed 1–18 years old during 1995–2008 | Florida cancer data system and the Texas cancer registry | Area-based: Neighborhood-level poverty rate, based on census | Overall survival |
| (18) | U.S. | ALL | 8,516 children, diagnosed < 19 years old during 1999–2009 | Pediatric health information system | Area-based: ZIP-code based median household income, based on census | Inpatient mortality, death during the induction period. The children were followed from the first day of chemotherapy (in inpatient care) until maximum 60 days |
| (19) | U.S. | AML | 3,651 children diagnosed 0–19 years old during 1973–2012 | SEER | Area-based: SES factors and clusters constructed from 23 socioeconomic variables, based on census | Overall mortality |
| (20) | Denmark | Hematological malignancies; ALL, AML, non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 1,819 children diagnosed < 20 years old during 1973–2006 | Danish cancer registry | Individual level: Birth order, number of full and half siblings, place of residence, based on registers | Overall survival, follow-up for maximum 10 years |
| (21) | Ontario, Canada | Lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 692 children diagnosed 0–14 years old during 1985–2006 | Pediatric oncology group of ontario networked information system database | Area-based: Neighborhood income and material deprivation, based on census | Overall survival and event-free survival |
| (22) | Denmark | CNS tumors; astrocytomas and other gliomas, embryonal CNS tumors | 1,261 children diagnosed < 20 years old during 1973–2006 | Danish Cancer Registry | Individual level: Birth order, number of siblings, number of children living in the household, place of residence, parental cohabitation, maternal education, based on registries | Overall survival, follow-up for maximum 10 years |
| (23) | Texas, U.S. | Primary CNS solid tumors | 2,421 children diagnosed < 19 years during 1995 and 2009 | Texas cancer registry | Individual level: Driving distance to cancer center Area-based: Block level SES index, based on census | Overall survival |
| (24) | Texas, U.S. | Non-CNS solid tumor | 4,603 children diagnosed < 19 years old during 1995-2009 | Texas cancer registry | Individual level: Driving distance to cancer center Area-based: Block level SES index, based on census | Overall survival |
| (25) | Texas, U.S. | Melanoma | 235 children diagnosed < 19 years old during 1995–2009 | Texas cancer registry | Individual level: Driving distance to cancer center Area-based: Block level SES index, based on census | Overall survival |
| (26) | Northern England | Renal tumors combined: Wilms tumors | 209 patients (183 in SES analysis) diagnosed 0–24 years old during 1968–2012 Multivariate analyses are performed only among children diagnosed 0–14 years old with Wilms' tumor | Northern region young persons' malignant disease registry | Individual level: Paternal occupational social class based on birth certificate | Overall survival |
| (27) | U.S. | Well-differentiated thyroid cancer | 9,585 children < 22 years old from the register 1998–2012 | National cancer database | Area-based: ZIP-code based median income and education, categorized by census data | Overall mortality |
| (28) | U.S. | Disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis | 145 children diagnosed 0–19 years old during 2000–2009 | SEER | Area-based: Crowding, educational attainment, poverty level, and rural/urban county, based on census | 5 year relative survival |
| (29) | U.S. | Retinoblastoma | 830 children 0–9 years old diagnosed 2000–2010 | SEER | Area-based: County-level poverty, educational attainment, crowding, unemployment, immigration, language isolation, and SES-index, based on census | 5 year relative survival |
ALL, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, Acute myeloid leukemia; CNS, Central nervous system; LBL, Lymphoblastic lymphoma; SEER, The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results.