Table 1.

Constraints on grounding.

Constrainta	Description
Copresence	When A and B are colocated, such as in the same room
Visibility	When A and B can see each other
Audibility	When A and B talk to each other
Contemporality	When B receives messages at about the same time that A produces them
Simultaneity	When A and B can send and receive messages simultaneously
Sequentiality	When A’s turn and B’s turn cannot occur out of sequence
Reviewability	When B can review A’s messages, as in written communication
Revisability	When A can revise messages for B before they are seen by others (outside of A and B)

^aAdapted from Grounding in Communication by Clark and Brennan [21].