Table 1.

Sample characteristics and OR (adjusted for woman’s age and urban/rural location) with past year physical or sexual violence

		N	% Past year Violence	OR	p-value
Woman’s characteristics
Married	Married	936	31.7	1
	Cohabiting (not married)	342	33.6	1.14	0.487
Education	No education	205	38.0	1
	Incomplete primary	170	43.3	1.29	0.422
	complete primary	688	31.8	0.73	0.161
	Incomplete secondary	88	27.7	0.52	0.202
	Complete secondary or higher	127	22.3	0.51	0.055
Working	Not working	219	28.0	1
	Unpaid/ in-kind	453	36.2	1.37	0.233
	Seasonal paid	287	39.8	1.68	0.056
	Stable paid	319	26.2	0.96	0.890
Capital assets	Doesn’t own	551	26.3	1
	Owns alone	307	36.2	1.85	0.003
	Joint ownership	420	39.1	2.04	< 0.001
Parity	None	112	26.2	1
	1	213	30.9	1.51	0.240
	2	273	33.2	1.94	0.051
	3	234	35.4	2.51	0.012
	4	159	35.2	3.21	0.007
	5 or more	287	34.6	3.67	0.007
Age at first cohabitation	21 years or more	310	27.2	1
	17 years or less	508	37.7	1.57	0.037
	18–20 years	460	31.1	1.16	0.463
Age at first intercourse	18 years or more	442	23.9	1
	17 years or less	836	37.3	1.85	0.001
Attitudes	No reason to hit	535	23.3	1
	At least one reason to hit	743	39.7	2.08	< 0.001
Alcohol use	None or infrequent use	1185	31.4	1
	Frequent use	93	54.4	3.16	< 0.001
Non partner physical violence	No	1193	32.2	1
	Yes	79	43.4	1.58	0.173
Non partner sexual violence	No	1217	32.2	1
	Yes	61	49.2	2.82	0.001
Mother hit	No / DK	823	26.2	1
	Yes	455	44.6	2.47	< 0.001
Household characteristics
Household SES	Poorest	246	37.9	1
	Poorer	238	35.1	0.93	0.782
	Middle	268	35.3	0.95	0.866
	Richer	296	34.8	0.95	0.856
	Richest	230	20.9	0.50	0.034
Man’s characteristics
Age	20–29	339	37.1	1
	30–39	575	33.7	0.95	0.830
	40–49	364	28.7	0.79	0.511
Education	No education	140	34.6	1
	Incomplete primary	206	36.4	1.16	0.643
	complete primary	695	33.1	1.02	0.950
	Incomplete secondary	91	33.3	0.97	0.935
	Complete secondary or higher	146	27.9	0.94	0.850
Working	Unpaid / In-kinda	173	53.0	1
	Seasonal paid	485	33.2	0.42	< 0.001
	Stable paid	619	28.5	0.37	< 0.001
Attitudes	No reason to hit	868	28.6	1
	At least one reason to hit	410	41.8	1.90	< 0.001
Polygamy	No	1138	31.2	1
	Yes	140	47.0	2.03	0.008
Fathered children	None or one woman	841	30.8	1
	More than one woman	436	37.6	1.39	0.049
Frequent alcohol use	No	968	27.3	1
	Yes	287	50.3	1.96	0.001
Relational factors
Relative age	Same	556	35.0	1
	Him older 5–9 years	468	33.7	0.86	0.415
	Him older 10+ years	234	27.7	0.58	0.010
	Her older 5+ years	20	30.0	0.88	0.836
Relative education	Both no education	58	42.2	1
	Both same	590	30.9	0.73	0.393
	His higher	347	37.0	1.03	0.945
	Hers higher	283	30.7	0.69	0.336
Relative employment status	Both unpaid/ not working	111	53.9	1
	Both same type	344	27.4	0.37	0.001
	Him higher	677	32.5	0.45	0.003
	Hers higher	145	36.0	0.53	0.057
Relative attitudes	Both no reason	395	20.5	1
	Both reason to hit	270	46.7	3.53	< 0.001
	Him reason	140	31.3	1.82	0.039
	Her reason	473	35.3	1.99	0.001
Relative alcohol use	Neither use	940	29.5	1
	Both used	63	57.1	4.70	< 0.001
	Him only	224	38.6	1.72	0.012
	Her only	28	49.9	2.44	0.031

^aIncludes Not working