TABLE 3.
Morphometry, haematology and serum chemistry results of seropositive individuals, in relation to reference values for healthy adult wild African penguins.
| Parameter | Unit | Reference values (healthy adults) |
Avian encephalomyelitis virus |
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (serum plate agglutination test) |
Two or more pathogens |
Infectious bursal disease virus |
Infectious bronchitis virus |
Newcastle disease virus |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean ± s.d. | n | mean ± s.d. | n | mean ± s.d. | n | mean ± s.d. | n | mean ± s.d. | n | mean ± s.d. | n | mean ± s.d. | n | |||
| Head length | mm | 121.1 ± 3.9 | 108 | 120.0 ± 5.9 | 7 | 120.1 ± 3.2 | 12 | 118.4 ± 7.4 | 6 | 127.2 | 1 | 117.9 | 1 | 118.3 | 2 | |
| Body mass | kg | 2.86 ± 0.37 | 108 | 2.62 ± 0.40 | 8* | 2.76 ± 0.30 | 12 | 2.71 ± 0.50 | 10 | 2.84 | 1 | 2.43 ± 0.10 | 5* | 2.62 | 2 | |
| Haematocrit | % | 46.0 ± 5.7 | 107 | 46.1 ± 4.6 | 8 | 45.1 ± 3.3 | 12 | 46.6 ± 7.9 | 10 | 38.0 | 1 | 50.6 ± 3.5 | 5 | 51.0 | 2 | |
| Haemoglobin | g/dL | 18.4 ± 2.4 | 103 | 19.2 ± 0.6 | 6 | 18.9 ± 1.8 | 12 | 19.1 ± 1.6 | 5 | 16.1 | 1 | 19.3 | 1 | 19.3 | 2 | |
| Red blood cell count | 1012/L | 1.82 ± 0.26 | 103 | 1.94 ± 0.09 | 6 | 1.83 ± 0.19 | 12 | 1.93 ± 0.15 | 5 | 1.65 | 1 | 1.99 | 1 | 1.88 | 2 | |
| MCV | fL | 251.0 ± 35.6 | 103 | 243.1 ± 13.9 | 6 | 248.5 ± 27.8 | 12 | 246.3 ± 13.1 | 5 | 230.3 | 1 | 236.2 | 1 | 271.9 | 2 | |
| MCH | pg | 101.1 ± 14.3 | 103 | 99.0 ± 2.7 | 6 | 104.0 ± 11.5 | 12 | 98.8 ± 4.6 | 5 | 97.6 | 1 | 97.0 | 1 | 102.7 | 2 | |
| MCHC | g/dL | 40 ± 3.5 | 103 | 40.8 ± 1.5 | 6 | 41.9 ± 1.9 | 12 | 40.2 ± 2.1 | 5 | 42.4 | 1 | 41.1 | 1 | 37.8 | 2 | |
| White blood cell count | 109/L | 17.7 ± 8.4 | 103 | 13.0 ± 8.1 | 6 | 20.2 ± 4.5 | 12 | 17.0 ± 3.7 | 5 | 30.0 | 1 | 14.2 | 1 | 22.4 | 2 | |
| Sodium | mmol/L | 154 ± 6 | 105 | 146 ± 9 | 7* | 145 ± 5 | 12* | 151 ± 5 | 6 | 148 | 1 | 146 | 1 | 158 | 1 | |
| Potassium | mmol/L | 5.09 ± 2.52 | 105 | 5.00 ± 1.48 | 7 | 10.05 ± 4.39 | 12* | 4.85 ± 1.12 | 6 | 6.20 | 1 | 5.86 | 1 | 3.65 | 1 | |
| Chloride | mmol/L | 121 ± 6 | 104 | 115 ± 7 | 7* | 115 ± 5 | 12* | 116 ± 4 | 6* | 114 | 1 | 109 | 1 | 128 | 1 | |
| Calcium | mmol/L | 2.77 ± 0.82 | 105 | 2.53 ± 0.19 | 7 | 2.43 ± 0.24 | 12 | 2.50 ± 0.09 | 6 | 1.96 | 1 | 2.35 | 1 | 2.58 | 1 | |
| Inorganic phosphate | mmol/L | 1.53 ± 0.62 | 105 | 1.35 ± 0.46 | 7 | 1.65 ± 1.03 | 12 | 1.48 ± 0.55 | 6 | 1.20 | 1 | 1.80 | 1 | 1.69 | 1 | |
| Creatinine | mmol/L | 24.1 ± 11.9 | 105 | 20.0 ± 17.0 | 7 | 12.6 ± 9.9 | 12* | 16.8 ± 8.5 | 6* | 5.0 | 1 | 4.0 | 1 | 16.0 | 1 | |
| Cholesterol | mmol/L | 5.36 ± 1.36 | 105 | 5.41 ± 1.20 | 7 | 6.12 ± 1.37 | 12 | 5.32 ± 0.67 | 6 | 5.70 | 1 | 4.30 | 1 | 6.10 | 1 | |
| Glucose | mmol/L | 11.8 ± 2.2 | 105 | 12.5 ± 1.4 | 7 | 12.6 ± 1.2 | 12 | 12.2 ± 1.5 | 6 | 11.1 | 1 | 11.9 | 1 | 10.0 | 1 | |
| Uric Acid | mmol/L | 394 ± 221 | 104 | 604 ± 482 | 7 | 345 ± 280 | 11 | 539 ± 186 | 6 | 73 | 1 | 448 | 1 | 263 | 1 | |
| Bile Acids | mmol/L | 9.53 ± 16.75 | 87 | 18.26 ± 15.33 | 5 | 9.26 ± 13.30 | 9 | 17.54 ± 21.15 | 5 | 1.64 | 1 | 7.20 | 1 | 23.56 | 2 | |
| Total serum protein | g/L | 59.0 ± 9.6 | 105 | 53.7 ± 7.0 | 7 | 70.0 ± 5.8 | 12 | 61.8 ± 8.6 | 6 | 53.7 | 1 | 51.0 | 1 | 49.0 | 1 | |
| Albumin | g/L | 19.3 ± 4.0 | 105 | 16.6 ± 3.2 | 7 | 21.0 ± 3.2 | 12 | 20.5 ± 3.0 | 6 | 16.6 | 1 | 16.0 | 1 | 15.0 | 1 | |
| Globulin | g/L | 39.8 ± 6.3 | 105 | 37.1 ± 3.9 | 7 | 49.0 ± 3.5 | 12 | 41.3 ± 5.8 | 6 | 37.1 | 1 | 35.0 | 1 | 35.0 | 1 | |
| Albumin / globulin | - | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 105 | 0.44 ± 0.05 | 7 | 0.50 ± 0.06 | 12 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 6 | 0.46 | 1 | 0.43 | 1 | 0.43 | 1 | |
| Aspartate transaminase | U/L | 218 ± 90 | 104 | 293 ± 235 | 7 | 247 ± 107 | 12 | 184 ± 44 | 6 | 151 | 1 | 326 | 1 | 120 | 1 | |
| Creatine kinase | U/L | 419 ± 272 | 105 | 461 ± 498 | 7 | 561 ± 358 | 12 | 365 ± 187 | 6 | 188 | 1 | 375 | 1 | 385 | 1 | |
Source: Reference values obtained from Parsons et al. (2015b); all other values from this study
MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular haemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration.
*
indicate groups that were significantly different from the reference values (only evaluated when sample size was ≥ 5).