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. 2018 Nov 2;3(21):e99470. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.99470

Figure 8. Moderate protein restriction increases APOA5 expression and reduces TG levels in mice and humans.

Figure 8

(A–F) Titration of protein restriction (18%–0% protein replaced with isocaloric sucrose) in B6D2F1 mice for 1 week. Immunoblot analyses of (A) CREBH full-length (FL) and cleaved form (CF), (B) APOA5, (C) PERK phosphorylation, and (D) ATF4 protein expression in whole liver extracts. For quantitation at right of each blot, samples were binned in 3 groups based on the level of dietary protein (high, 18%–10%; medium, 8%–6%; low, 4%–0%; n = 4–6/group; 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett post-hoc test compared with the high protein group). (E and F) Serum FGF21 (E) and TG (F) levels; 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett post-hoc test compared with the 18% protein group. (G–J) Effect of a low-protein diet in humans. Patients were randomized to control or protein restricted (PR, 7%–9% of energy from protein) diets; blood samples were taken before or after 4–6 weeks on the indicated diet (n = 19 per group; paired t test comparing parameter before and after diet). (G) Plasma APOB-100 concentration representative of circulating VLDL particle number. (H) Plasma APOA5. (I) VLDL-bound APOA5 levels expressed as the ratio of plasma APOA5 to APOB-100. (J) Plasma TG levels. Data expressed as mean ± SD; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.001.