TABLE 1.

Barriers identified to affect anthrax outbreaks in the Western Province of Zambia.

Domain	Veterinary staff	Anthrax vaccine	Cattle-rearing practices	Cattle disposal practices	Cattle vaccination practices
Perceptions	Veterinary staff are Satanists	Anthrax vaccine is not efficacious	nd	nd	-
Beliefs	Veterinary staff introduce anthrax into cattle Veterinary staff work with a reputed meat-processing company to wipe out the cattle population in the province	Vaccine makes cattle sick	Refractory to western advice	nd	Refractory to western advice
Practices	Wrong timing to intervene when farmer has lost an animal (need standard timing during extension services and education) Reliance on ‘traditional advisors’	nd	Traditional practices like mafisa Uncontrolled animal movements between areas Transhumance animal husbandry system	Unsupervised handling of carcasses Unsupervised disposal of carcasses Unsupervised handling of animal products	Unwilling to vaccinate cattle Lack of awareness of importance of vaccination

nd, not detected