Table 1.
Study participants' characteristics by diabetes status. Geometric means are presented with 95% CI. Age is presented with SD. Pregnant women are excluded from the BMI and WC calculations.
| Parameters | Categories | Total, N (%) |
Diabetic, n (%) |
Normal, n (%) |
P | ||||||||||
| Overall sample | N | 1471 (100.0) | 279 (19.0) | 1192 (81.0) |
|
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|
|
Mean (SD) | 38.5 (12.2) | 45.8 (11.7) | 36.7 (11.7) | <.001 | ||||||||||
| Age | 18-44 years | 1008 (68.5) | 121 (43.4) | 887 (74.4) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
45-64 years | 463 (31.5) | 158 (56.6) | 305 (25.6) |
|
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| Gender | Male | 552 (37.5) | 111 (39.8) | 441 (37.0) | .38 | ||||||||||
|
|
Female | 919 (62.5) | 168 (60.2) | 751 (63.0) |
|
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| BMI (kg/m2) | Mean (95% CI) | 29.4 (29.0-29.8) | 31.8 (30.9-32.7) | 28.8 (28.4-29.3) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
Lean | 39 (2.7) | 1 (0.4) | 38 (3.3) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
Normal | 315 (22.2) | 34 (12.5) | 281 (24.4) |
|
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|
|
Overweight | 403 (28.3) | 75 (27.6) | 328 (28.5) |
|
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|
|
Obese | 665 (46.8) | 162 (59.6) | 503 (43.7) |
|
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|
Waist circumference (cm)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
Male | Mean (95% CI) | 102.2 (100.0-104.5) | 108.0 (103.1-113.2) | 100.8 (98.3-103.3) | .01 | |||||||||
|
|
Central obesity (WC ≥102 cm) | 268 (49.3) | 71 (64.5) | 197 (45.4) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
Normal (WC <102 cm) | 276 (50.7) | 39 (35.5) | 237 (54.6) |
|
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|
|
Female | Mean (95% CI) | 97.8 (94.7-100.8) | 102.1 (98.1-106.1) | 96.8 (93.3-100.5) | .20 | |||||||||
|
|
Central obesity (WC ≥88 cm) | 509 (60.0) | 127 (79.9) | 382 (55.4) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
Normal (WC <88 cm) | 340 (40.0) | 32 (20.1) | 308 (44.6) |
|
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| Education level | Secondary or less/no formal education | 957 (65.1) | 200 (71.7) | 757 (63.6) | .01 | ||||||||||
|
|
College/university/PG | 513 (34.9) | 79 (28.3) | 434 (36.4) |
|
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| Marital status | Ever married | 1182 (80.4) | 256 (91.8) | 926 (77.7) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
Never married | 289 (19.6) | 23 (8.2) | 266 (22.3) |
|
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| Parental consanguinity | Yes | 528 (35.9) | 97 (34.8) | 431 (36.2) | .66 | ||||||||||
|
|
No | 943 (64.1) | 182 (65.2) | 761 (63.8) |
|
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| Family history of DM | Yes | 1017 (69.1) | 208 (74.6) | 809 (67.9) | .03 | ||||||||||
|
|
No | 454 (30.9) | 71 (25.4) | 383 (32.1) |
|
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| Mean fasting blood glucose (95% CI) | Overall | 90.3 (88.8-92.0) | 149.2 (143.5-155.1) | 80.3 (79.6-81.0) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
Men | 90.2 (87.8-92.7) | 148.8 (140.1-158.2) | 79.6 (78.3-80.8) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
Women | 90.3 (88.5-92.1) | 149.4 (142.0-157.1) | 80.7 (79.8-81.6) | <.001 | ||||||||||
| Current smoker | Yes | 197 (13.4) | 35 (12.5) | 162 (13.6) | .64 | ||||||||||
|
|
No | 1274 (86.6) | 244 (87.5) | 1030 (86.4) |
|
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| Smoking status | Daily | 179 (12.2) | 31 (11.1) | 148 (12.4) | .82 | ||||||||||
|
|
Nondaily | 18 (1.2) | 4 (1.4) | 14 (1.2) |
|
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|
|
Past smoker | 53 (3.6) | 12 (4.3) | 41 (3.4) |
|
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|
|
Never smoker | 1221 (83.0) | 232 (83.2) | 989 (83.0) |
|
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| Hypertension | Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mmHg (95% CI) | 118.3 (117.4-119.2) | 127.4 (125.1-129.8) | 116.2 (115.3-117.1) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
Mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mmHg | 79.0 (78.4-79.5) | 83.0 (81.8-84.2) | 78.0 (77.4-78.6) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
SBP ≥140/DBP ≥90 mmHg or on medication |
540 (37.0) | 150 (54.0) | 390 (33.1) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
Normal | 918 (63.0) | 128 (46.0) | 790 (66.9) |
|
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| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | Mean (95% CI) | 160.4 (158.6-162.2) | 166.6 (161.8-171.4) | 159.0 (157.0-160.9) | <.01 |
||||||||||
|
|
≥190 mg/dL | 381 (26.0) | 124 (44.6) | 257 (21.7) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
<190 mg/dL | 1083 (74.0) | 154 (55.4) | 929 (78.3) |
|
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| HDL (mg/dL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
Male | Mean (95% CI) | 39.7 (38.5-40.9) | 38.8 (36.4-41.4) | 39.9 (38.5-41.3) | .47 | |||||||||
|
|
<40 (mg/dL) | 264 (47.8) | 59 (53.2) | 205 (46.5) | .21 | ||||||||||
|
|
≥40 (mg/dL) | 288 (52.2) | 52 (46.8) | 236 (53.5) |
|
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|
|
Female | Mean (95% CI) | 54.5 (53.4-55.6) | 52.0 (49.4-54.8) | 55.1 (53.8-56.4) | .04 | |||||||||
|
|
<50 (mg/dL) | 341 (37.4) | 73 (43.7) | 268 (36.0) | .06 | ||||||||||
|
|
≥50 (mg/dL) | 571 (62.6) | 94 (56.3) | 477 (64.0) |
|
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| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | Mean (95% CI) | 96.1 (93.8-98.5) | 122.9 (115.7-130.7) | 90.7 (88.4-93.1) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
≥150 (mg/dL) | 257 (17.7) | 103 (37.2) | 154 (13.1) | <.001 | ||||||||||
|
|
<150 (mg/dL) | 1197 (82.3) | 174 (62.8) | 1023 (86.9) |
|
||||||||||
| LDL (mg/dL) | Mean (95% CI) | 89.1 (87.6-90.5) | 89.5 (86.1-93.1) | 88.9 (87.3-90.5) | .75 | ||||||||||
|
|
≥130 (mg/dL) | 144 (10.8) | 34 (12.8) | 110 (10.3) | .24 | ||||||||||
|
|
<130 (mg/dL) | 1188 (89.2) | 232 (87.2) | 956 (89.7) |
|
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