Table 3.
Objective and Subjective Differences in Sleep between TBI and Non-TBI Controls
| Measure | TBI vs. non-TBI control | n |
|---|---|---|
| Polysomnography | ||
| Sleep onset latency | SMD = 0.29 (CI: 0.08, 0.51) | 342 |
| Wake after sleep onset | SMD = 0.60 (CI: 0.33, 0.87) | 224 |
| Sleep efficiency | SMD = −0.47 (CI: −0.89, −.06) | 298 |
| Total sleep time | SMD = −0.37 (CI: −0.59, −0.16) | 348 |
| Questionnaire | ||
| PSQI | SMD = 1.02 (CI: 0.65, 1.39) | 703 |
| ESS | SMD = 0.40 (CI: 0.17, 0.62) | 858 |
Data from Sommerauer and colleagues.56
TBI, traumatic brain injury; SMD, standard mean difference, PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale.