Table 5. Pooled multivariable regression estimates of the association between wealth and EHA access, allowing for country-specific differences.

VARIABLES	Piped water	Improved water	Improved sanitation	Improved fuel	Electricity	Bed net	Mobile phone
Wealth quintile	0.039***	0.036***	0.072***	0.051***	0.092***	0.027***	0.095***
	(0.0056)	(0.0056)	(0.0070)	(0.0087)	(0.0089)	(0.0068)	(0.0066)
Urban	0.19***	0.17***	0.15***	0.18***	0.34***	-0.0041	0.22***
	(0.0274)	(0.029)	(0.026)	(0.032)	(0.042)	(0.030)	(0.022)
Constant	0.064	0.33***	-0.25***	-0.026	-0.011	0.28***	-0.087*
	(0.054)	(0.063)	(0.064)	(0.040)	(0.068)	(0.036)	(0.048)
Cross-country variance–wealth	0.0011***	0.0009***	00016***	0.0023***	0.0022***	0.0010***	0.0011***
	(0.00035)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0004)	(0.0006)	(0.0004)	(0.0003)
Cross-country variance–constant	0.065***	0.048***	0.042**	0.038	0.095***	0.030***	0.032***
	(0.0.026)	(0.011)	(0.20)	(0.025)	(0.030)	(0.0083)	(0.008)
Observations	822,048	822,061	818,620	785,362	801,566	545,653	723,850

Includes the 29 countries having 2 DHS surveys since the year 2000 (for analogous results from the 41 countries with a single round of data between 2008–2013, refer to S4 Table). Standard errors clustered at the country level are shown in parentheses, models include head of household characteristics and household demographic controls, as well as year of survey fixed effects and random intercept and wealth slopes. The wealth index used here is a country-specific index that was constructed using the first principle component obtained using PCA over all asset variables included in that country’s survey, only excluding the outcome variables. Significance of the coefficients is indicated as follows

*** p<0.01

** p<0.05

* p<0.1.