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Schematics of microglia and astrocytes reactions. Retinal neural injury transforms microglia into an M1- and M2-like phenotype and astrocytes into an A1- and A2-type, correspondingly. Astrocytes and microglia work together to initiate either a neuroinflammatory or neuroprotective response after injury through the release of cytokines or neurotrophic factors that can lead to neuronal death or survival.
