Table 3.
Alcohol and Substance Use Patterns by Study Group (N=93)
| PAE (n=39) | No-PAE (n=54) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol Use: | |||
| 12 months prior to enrollment: | |||
| AUDIT past 12 months: (Mean ± SD) | 10.31 ± 7.74 | 0.57 ± 0.74 | <0.001 |
| AUDIT ≥ 8: n (%) | 21 (53.9) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Periconceptional period (1 month around LMP): | |||
| AA/day (Mean ± SD) | 1.27 ± 2.16 | 0.0026 ± 0.009 | <0.001 |
| AA/drinking day (Mean ± SD) | 3.17 ± 2.09 | 0.86 ± 0.42a | <0.001 |
| Number of binge episodes (Mean ± SD) | 7.24 ± 8.97 | 0 ± 0 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use at V1: | |||
| AA/day (Mean ± SD) | 0.05 ± 0.25 | 0 ± 0 | 0.237 |
| AA/drinking day (Mean ± SD) | 2.11 ± 2.49 | N/A | N/A |
| Number of binge episodes (Mean ± SD) | 0.21 ± 1.13 | 0 ± 0 | 0.263 |
| Maternal alcohol biomarkers at V1: | |||
| GGT (>40 U/L): n (%) | 9 (23.1) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| PEth (≥ 8 ng/ml): n (%) | 4 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.028 |
| %dCDT > 2: n (%) | 2 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.173 |
| Alcohol use at V2: | |||
| AA/day (Mean ± SD) | 0.004 ± 0.014 | 0 ± 0 | 0.077 |
| AA/drinking day (Mean ± SD) | 0.97 ± 0.90 | N/A | N/A |
| Number of binge episodes (Mean ± SD) | 0.03 ± 0.16 | 0 ± 0 | 0.324 |
| Maternal alcohol biomarkers at V2: | |||
| GGT (>40 U/L): n (%) | 4 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.028 |
| PEth (≥ 8 ng/ml): n (%) | 3 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.070 |
| UEtG (≥ 38 ng/ml): n (%) | 3 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.070 |
| UEtS (≥ 7.2 ng/ml): n (%) | 9 (23.1) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| %dCDT > 2: n (%) | 3 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.070 |
| PEth-DBS (≥ 25 ng/ml) | 7 (18.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.002 |
| Cumulative Alcohol use across pregnancy & periconceptional period: | |||
| AA/day (Mean ± SD) | 0.44 ± 0.72 | 0.001±0.004 | <0.001 |
| AA/drinking day (Mean ± SD) | 3.10 ± 2.12 | 0.86 ± 0.42a | <0.001 |
| Positive for ≥1 biomarker (V1 or V2) n (%) | 21 (53.9) | 0 (0.0)) | <0.001 |
| Substance Use*: | |||
| MAT (methadone, buprenorphine): | 22 (56.4) | 19 (35.2) | 0.057 |
| Other opioids (heroin or Rx opioids**): | 14 (35.9) | 11 (20.4) | 0.105 |
| Marijuana: | 14 (35.9) | 6 (11.1) | 0.005 |
| Any tobacco use: | 21 (53.9) | 15 (27.8) | 0.017 |
MAT, medication assisted therapy; AA, absolute ounces of alcohol (1 standard drink equals approximately 0.5 AA) GGT, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase; PEth, phosphatidylethanol; UEtG, urine ethyl glucuronide; UEtS, urine ethyl sulfate; %dCDT, disialo carbohydrate deficient transferrin; DBS, dried blood spot
a
sample size is limited to 5 controls who reported light drinking around LMP
*
Either self-reported anytime in pregnancy or a positive urine drug panel at V1 or V2
**
used either as prescribed or recreational use