Table 5.

Effect of PAE on Infant Developmental and Behavioral Outcomes

Infant Outcomes	β̂ (unadjusted)	β̂ (adjusteda)	${\eta }_p^2$ Detectable effect size
BSID-III: Cognitive	1.06	3.44#	0.0371
BSID-III: Language	1.41	1.69	0.0132
BSID-III: Motor	0.56	4.22	0.0306
Parenting Stress Index:
Parent-child dysfunctional interaction %	12.7*	9.64#	0.0418
Parental distress %	6.49	7.52	0.0153
Difficult child %	12.5**	13.9*	0.0752
Total stress %	12.9**	13.9*	0.0822
Infant Behavior Questionnaire:
Surgency	4.23#	4.91#	0.0438
Negative affect	7.33*	8.60**	0.0935
Effortful control	0.73	−0.23	0.0001
Infant Sensory Profile:	OR (95% CI)
Low registration (atypical vs typical)	0.63 (0.27, 1.48)	0.62 (0.20, 1.91)	--b
Sensation seeking (atypical vs typical)	0.87 (0.36, 2.08)	0.54 (0.16, 1.80)	--
Sensory sensitivity (atypical vs typical)	2.29# (0.93, 5.64)	2.10 (0.69, 6.40)	--
Sensation avoiding (atypical vs typical)	1.60 (0.62, 4.11)	2.06 (0.63, 6.76)	--

β̂ is the coefficient of the PAE variable

^**p<0.01;

^*p<0.05;

^#p<0.10

^aAdjusted for infant sex, birth weight, single vs. two-parent household, Beck Depression Inventory, maternal education, maternal age, MAT, marijuana, tobacco use, and Perceived Stress Scale score during pregnancy

^bThe effect size measure for the logistic regression is odds ratio, which are presented in other columns of the table