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. 2018 Nov 16;8:16945. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35079-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Serum Alkaline Phosphatase activity levels and tail radiographs in ALPL c.1077 C > G targeted sheep. (A) Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) activity levels in units/mL. Means +/− SEM are shown. *p = 0.0120, by Student’s t-test between wild-type (WT) and heterozygous (Het) groups (n = 3 and 4, respectively). Individual values for the homozygote (Hom) and compound heterozygote (Cmpd Het) are also shown. (B) Representative tail radiographs of day 9 lambs obtained by ex vivo DXA. Brackets designate distal metaphyses; arrows designate location of secondary ossification centers. Inset magnification of individual tail vertebrae from B shows size and morphology differences in the 3 genotypes. Note different shape, size and extent of mineralization in the individual vertebrae. Vertebral BMD values for the matched distal 4 vertebrae from each group are shown. The small magnitude of difference between groups of small n was NSD by Student’s one-tailed t-test. (C) Carpus diameter measurements (2 joints per animal measured at 2 months of age) showing significant increases in heterozygous (Het) animals and increased size in homozygous (Hom), compared with wild type (WT). Means +/− SEM are shown. ***p = 0.0002, t = 4.849, df = 12 by Student’s one-tailed t-test between WT and heterozygous groups (n = 3 and 4, respectively).