Table 3.
Cardiovascular risk markers stratified by weight status category.
| Total (n = 226*; **) | Overweight (n = 46*; **) | Obesity (n = 104 *; **) | Morbid obesity (n = 76*; **) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.4 ± 0.8a | 4.3 ± 0.8c | 4.4 ± 0.8d | 4.7 ± 0.8c,d |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.7 ± 0.7b | 2.4 ± 0.7c | 2.6 ± 0.7d | 2.9 ± 0.7c,d |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.2 (0.5–2.6)b | 1.4 (0.8–2.6)c | 1.3 (0.6–2.1)d | 1.1 (0.5–1.8)c,d |
| Triacylglycerol, mmol/L | 1.04 (0.39–4.75)a | 0.95 (0.39–2.85)c | 1.03 (0.39–2.74) | 1.14 (0.42–4.75)c |
| Free-fatty acids, mmol/L | 0.64 (0.23–1.28) | 0.62 (0.23–0.98) | 0.66 (0.25–1.20) | 0.60 (0.28–1.28) |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 2.0 (1.0–38.0)b | 2.0 (1.0–7.0)c | 2.0 (1.0–38.0) | 4.0 (1.0–14.0)c |
| MCP-1, pg/mL | 127.6 (71.9–459.5) | 114.8 (83.4–396.5) | 129.1 (71.9–344.1) | 133.4 (74.0–459.5) |
| SAA, μg/mL | 2.4 (0.1–45.5) | 2.0 (0.4–8.6) | 2.1 (0.1–45.5) | 3.8 (0.6–21.0) |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 0.76 (0.00–3.66)a | 0.67 (0.32–1.42)c | 0.72 (0.19–3.66) | 0.97 (0.00–2.83)c |
| IL-8, pg/mL | 2.76 (0.88–21.42) | 2.86 (1.85–17.93) | 2.86 (0.88–17.32) | 2.40 (1.03–21.42) |
| E-selectin, ng/mL | 15.3 (1.7–45.1) | 15.3 (4.0–45.1) | 15.2 (4.9–40.1) | 15.5 (1.7–36.7) |
| ICAM-1, μg/mL | 469 (235–911) | 475 (304–742) | 474 (235–911) | 457 (302–676) |
| VCAM-1, μg/mL | 724 (453–1324) | 735 (530–1241) | 762 (453–1324) | 672 (471–981) |
| Systolic blood pressure z score | 0.35 ± 1.11b | −0.05 ± 1.11c | 0.29 ± 1.06 | 0.67 ± 1.10c |
| Diastolic blood pressure z score | −0.50 ± 1.14a | −0.78 ± 1.01c | −0.60 ± 1.12 | −0.19 ± 1.17c |
| Plasma glucose, mmol/L | 4.1 (2.5–5.9) | 4.1 (3.1–5.2) | 4.1 (2.8–5.8) | 4.2 (2.5–5.9) |
| Insulin, mU/L | 15.7 (2.0–158.0)b | 10.9 (2.0–30.3)c | 14.0 (2.4–111.2)d | 22.2 (5.1–158.0)c,d |
| HOMA-IR | 2.75 (0.43–25.98)b | 2.11 (0.43–5.12)c | 2.62 (0.43–19.27)d | 4.00 (0.94–25.98)c,d |
| HbA1c, % | 5.2 (4.1–6.1) | 5.2 (4.5–6.1) | 5.2 (4.1–6.0) | 5.3 (4.4–6.1) |
| Median sensor glucose, mmol/L | 5.0 (2.7–7.3) | 4.7 (2.7–6.9) | 5.0 (3.7–7.3) | 5.1 (3.6–6.0) |
| Maximum sensor glucose, mmol/L | 7.0 (5.6–10.8) | 7.4 (5.6–10.2) | 6.9 (5.7–10.8) | 7.4 (5.6–9.0) |
| Minimum sensor glucose, mmol/L | 3.4 (2.2–5.1) | 3.6 (2.2–4.3) | 3.2 (2.3–4.6) | 3.5 (2.2–5.1) |
| CONGA1 | 0.58 (0.28–1.09) | 0.62 (0.32–1.09) | 0.57 (0.28–1.06) | 0.58 (0.31–0.90) |
| CONGA2 | 0.72 (0.31–1.62) | 0.78 (0.36–1.62) | 0.72 (0.31–1.36) | 0.72 (0.39–0.99) |
| CONGA4 | 0.85 (0.35–2.06) | 0.89 (0.45–2.06) | 0.79 (0.35–1.72) | 0.88 (0.43–1.24) |
Data presented as mean ± SD or as median (minimum-maximum). Children were classified as overweight, obese, or morbidly obese based on the International Obesity Task Force criteria34. *MCP-1, SAA, IL-6, IL-8, E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were measured in a subgroup (total group n = 170; overweight n = 33; obesity n = 82; morbid obesity n = 55); **Sensor glucose concentrations and CONGA were measured in a subgroup (total group n = 73; overweight n = 14; obesity n = 31; morbid obesity n = 28). aStatistically different between the three weight status categories, p < 0.05; bStatistically different between the three weight status categories, p < 0.01; cStatistically different between children with overweight and children with morbid obesity, p < 0.0167. dStatistically different between children with obesity and children with morbid obesity, p < 0.0167. MCP-1 = monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; SAA = serum amyloid A protein; IL-6 = interleukin 6; IL-8 = interleukin 8; ICAM-1 = intracellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1 = vascular cell adhesion protein 1; HOMA-IR = Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; CONGA = Continuous Overlapping Net Glycaemic Action; presented for 1, 2, or 4 h time differences.