TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics and health behaviors among non-Hispanic US- and foreign-born blacks by nativity and US length of residency: pooled NHANES 2003–20121
| Nativity status | Length of residency of foreign-born blacks2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US-born | Foreign-born | <10 y | 10–19 y | 20–29 y | ≥30 y | ||
| (n = 3911) | (n = 408) | P | (n = 108) | (n = 97) | (n = 87) | (n = 106) | |
| Female, % | 55.3 | 47.7 | 0.049 | 48.0 ± 0.06 | 46.7 ± 0.07 | 51.6 ± 0.04 | 46.9 ± 0.08 |
| Age, y | 45.2 ± 0.4 | 44.7 ± 0.8 | 0.51 | 38.5 ± 1.6 | 41.8 ± 0.8 | 48.1 ± 1.3 | 53.5 ± 1.0 |
| Educational attainment, % | |||||||
| Less than high school | 25.4 | 17.9 | <0.001 | 28.5 ± 0.06 | 16.4 ± 0.04 | 11.5 ± 0.03 | 13.1 ± 0.03 |
| High school or equivalent | 26.1 | 21.4 | 31.5 ± 0.09 | 22.1 ± 0.04 | 16.7 ± 0.04 | 13.9 ± 0.04 | |
| Some college | 33.3 | 31.3 | 23.1 ± 0.05 | 29.8 ± 0.06 | 42.7 ± 0.06* | 37.5 ± 0.05 | |
| College degree or higher | 15.2 | 29.4 | 20.1 ± 0.04 | 32.0 ± 0.06 | 30.7 ± 0.05 | 39.1 ± 0.07* | |
| Income-poverty ratio | 2.3 ± 0.06 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 0.13 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2** | 3.0 ± 0.2** |
| <1.85, % | 47.8 | 41.5 | 0.24 | 56.8 ± 0.08 | 46.4 ± 0.06 | 25.4 ± 0.07** | 30.7 ± 0.04* |
| 1.85–3.99, % | 31.5 | 36.5 | 35.7 ± 0.08 | 38.1 ± 0.05 | 43.3 ± 0.09 | 27.3 ± 0.06) | |
| ≥4, % | 20.7 | 22.0 | 8.3 ± 0.02 | 15.8 ± 0.05 | 31.8 ± 0.06** | 43.1 ± 0.07** | |
| BMI, kg/m | 31.1 ± 0.2 | 28.1 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 26.7 ± 0.3 | 27.9 ± 0.6 | 29.5 ± 0.8* | 28.8 ± 0.8* |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9),3 % | 20.5 | 25.7 | <0.001 | 30.0 ± 0.05 | 23.5 ± 0.06 | 22.4 ± 0.04 | 26.3 ± 0.08 |
| Overweight (25–29.9), % | 27.9 | 43.2 | 48.4 ± 0.06 | 44.9 ± 0.07 | 38.5 ± 0.05 | 39.3 ± 0.06 | |
| Obese (≥30), % | 49.8 | 30.0 | 20.2 ± 0.04 | 30.7 ± 0.05 | 38.3 ± 0.07* | 32.0 ± 0.06 | |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 2054 ± 17 | 1847 ± 45 | <0.001 | 1602 ± 81 | 1928 ± 69* | 1966 ± 106* | 2038 ± 123* |
| Smoking status, % | |||||||
| Never | 53.8 | 76.5 | <0.001 | 82.2 ± 0.05 | 83.9 ± 0.05 | 75.1 ± 0.07 | 63.9 ± 0.07 |
| Former | 17.1 | 15.0 | 13.0 ± 0.05 | 8.1 ± 0.03 | 13.9 ± 0.04 | 21.7 ± 0.06 | |
| Current | 29.1 | 8.5 | 5.1 ± 0.01 | 7.6 ± 0.03 | 11.6 ± 0.05 | 14.8 ± 0.04* | |
| Moderate or vigorous physical activity,4 % | 46.6 | 52.9 | 0.02 | 45.8 ± 0.06 | 55.1 ± 0.07 | 53.0 ± 0.07 | 57.9 ± 0.06 |
1Values are means or percentages ± SEs. Weighted chi-square and t tests were used to determine the significance of any differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle factors between US-born and foreign-born blacks. For the length-of-residency demographic variables, prevalences of continuous outcomes were age adjusted, with regression and values obtained with the STATA margins command. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001. For length of residency, P values are based on the reference category of <10 y.
2With the exception of age, values presented by length of residency were age adjusted; significance presented is based on regression models with the reference category for length of residency of <10 y in the United States.
3The underweight category was omitted from the table due to the small sample size, but these participants were not omitted from other analyses reported in this article.
4Based on self-report of engaging in moderate or vigorous leisure or recreational physical activity for ≥10 min continuously over the past 30 d.