Table 2.
The association between maternal depression, social support and child malnutrition
| Weight‐to‐age z‐score ≤−2 (visits = 8337) | Height‐to‐age z‐score ≤−2 (visits = 7546) | Weight‐to‐height z‐score ≤−2 (visits = 7488) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate* | Univariate | Multivariate* | Univariate | Multivariate* | |||||||
| RR (95% CI) | P‐value | RR (95% CI) | P‐value | RR (95% CI) | P‐value | RR (95% CI) | P‐value | RR (95% CI) | P‐value | RR (95% CI) | P‐value | |
| Maternal pre‐ delivery depression (1.06) | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.76 | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.02) | 1.20 (1.00, 1.44) | 1.06 (0.74, 1.51) | ||||||
| Maternal post‐ delivery depression (1.06) | <0.01 | 0.04 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 0.72 | 0.06 | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.03) | 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) | 0.59 (0.35, 1.01) | ||||||
| Cumulative depression | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | <0.01 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | <0.01 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | <0.01 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.09 | 1.11 (1.08, 1.14) | <0.01 | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12) | <0.01 |
| Perceived low social support | 0.88 | 0.54 | 0.30 | 0.53 | <0.01 | 0.75 | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.01 (0.87, 1.18) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.31) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.08) | 1.09 (0.84, 1.41) | 1.50 (1.15, 1.96) | 1.12 (0.57, 2.19) | ||||||
CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk. *All multivariate models controlled for maternal perceived low social support, age, marital status, education, financial dependence, anaemia, weight, height, HIV stage at enrolment and counselling session attendance, child's gender, birthweight, gestational age, breastfeeding, HIV status, vitamin A, multivitamin and other disease events.