Table 1.

Metabolites that were differentially expressed in dwarf (SV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)–infected plants compared to normal‐healthy (N) samples.a

Metabolite	Relative intensityb			Log2 FCc			Potential pathways
	N	SV	CMV	SV‐N	SV‐CMV	CMV‐N
Rhamnose	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.09 ± 0.01b	0.00 ± 0.00a	>10	>10	ND	Fructose and mannose metabolism
d‐Mannitol	0.27 ± 0.05a	0.36 ± 0.07a	0.15 ± 0.01b	0.41	1.26	−0.85	Fructose and mannose metabolism
Fructose	0.13 ± 0.06a	0.79 ± 0.22b	0.00 ± 0.00a	2.57	>10	<−10	Fructose and mannose metabolism, galactose metabolism
Fructopyranose	1.44 ± 0.39a	2.30 ± 0.36a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.68	>10	<−10	Fructose and mannose metabolism, galactose metabolism
Fructofuranose	2.38 ± 0.36a	2.96 ± 0.76a	0.00 ± 0b	0.32	>10	<−10	Fructose and mannose metabolism, galactose metabolism
Glucose	0.78 ± 0.13a	0.93 ± 0.12a	0.04 ± 0.01b	0.27	4.50	−4.24	Starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism
Mannopyranose	3.32 ± 0.81a	4.01 ± 1.18a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.27	>10	<−10	Fructose and mannose metabolism, galactose metabolism
Sucrose	0.63 ± 0.09a	1.54 ± 0.45a	5.16 ± 0.99b	1.28	−1.75	3.03	Galactose metabolism (produced), starch and sucrose metabolism (consumed)
d‐Lactose	0.50 ± 0.06a	0.66 ± 0.09a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.40	>10	<−10	Galactose metabolism
Maltose	0.17 ± 0.05a	0.01 ± 0.00b	0.00 ± 0.00b	−4.88	>10	<−10	Starch and sucrose metabolism
Trehalose	0.01 ± 0.01a	0.00 ± 0.00a	1.01 ± 0.15b	<−10	<−10	6.63	Starch and sucrose metabolism (consumed)
Cellobiose	0.03 ± 0.01a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.00 ± 0.00b	<−10	ND	<−10	Starch and sucrose metabolism
Linolenic acid	1.27 ± 0.45a	0.36 ± 0.08a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−1.81	>10	<−10	Biosinthesis of unsaturated fatty acids
Hexadecanoic acid	0.14 ± 0.03a	0.37 ± 0.05b	1.27 ± 0.20c	1.42	−1.78	3.20	Consumed by fatty acid degradation, produced by fatty acid enlongation
9,12‐Octadecadienoic acid	0.12 ± 0.03a	0.09 ± 0.02a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−0.36	>10	<−10	Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids
Octadecanoic acid	0.98 ± 0.14a	0.58 ± 0.12b	0.02 ± 0.01c	−0.75	4.82	−5.57	Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids
Phenylalanine	0.20 ± 0.05a	0.32 ± 0.06a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.69	>10	<−10	Biosynthesis of amino acids
Cystathionine	0.02 ± 0.01a	0.04 ± 0.01a,b	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.61	>10	<−10	Biosynthesis of amino acids
l‐Isoleucine	0.11 ± 0.02a	0.09 ± 0.02a	0.54 ± 0.04b	−0.26	−2.56	2.30	Valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, biosynthesis of amino acids
l‐Leucine	0.14 ± 0.03a	0.11 ± 0.02a	2.29 ± 0.49b	−0.37	−4.43	4.06	Valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, biosynthesis of amino acids
l‐Lysine	0.10 ± 0.02a	0.08 ± 0.03a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−0.41	>10	<−10	Biosynthesis of amino acids, lysine biosynthesis
l‐Asparagine	0.27 ± 0.10a	0.08 ± 0.02a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−1.70	>10	<−10	Biosynthesis of amino acids, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism
Allothreonine	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.18 ± 0.03b	<−10	<−10	6.09	Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism
Butanoic acid	0.14 ± 0.06a	0.11 ± 0.03a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−0.32	>10	<−10	Butanoate metabolism
2‐Butenedioic acid	0.04 ± 0.01a	0.03 ± 0.01a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−0.34	>10	<−10	Butanoate metabolism
Tyramine	0.01 ± 0.00a	0.02 ± 0.00a	0.07 ± 0.01b	1.38	−2.05	3.43	Tyrosine metabolism
Stigmasterol	0.53 ± 0.13a	0.19 ± 0.06b	0.00 ± 0.00c	−1.44	>10	<−10	Steroid biosynthesis
Ribitol	0.02 ± 0.01a	0.08 ± 0.04a	0.38 ± 0.04b	2.25	−2.18	4.43	Riboflavin metabolism, pentose glucoronate interconversions
Adenosine	0.13 ± 0.03a	0.08 ± 0.02a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−0.75	>10	<−10	Purine metabolism
Ribofuranose	0.16 ± 0.04a	0.18 ± 0.06a	0.74 ± 0.09b	0.20	−2.01	2.21	Pentose phosphate pathway
Methyl galactoside	1.38 ± 0.62a	2.53 ± 0.72a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.88	>10	<−10	NF
Methyl galactopyranoside	0.02 ± 0.01a	0.01 ± 0.00a	0.19 ± 0.02b	−1.14	−4.63	3.49	NF
Allopyranose	1.92 ± 0.78a	5.36 ± 1.55a	0.00 ± 0.00b	1.48	>10	<−10	NF
Allofuranose	0.80 ± 0.16a	1.39 ± 0.20b	3.11 ± 0.46c	0.81	−1.16	1.97	NF
l‐Threitol	0.08 ± 0.01a	0.12 ± 0.01a	1.58 ± 0.19b	0.64	−3.76	4.40	NF
Methyl glucofuranoside	0.05 ± 0.02a	0.40 ± 0.08b	0.00 ± 0.00c	3.04	>10	<−10	NF
NI1	0.03 ± 0.03a	0.24 ± 0.08b	0.00 ± 0.00a	2.97	>10	<−10	NF
Ribonic acid	0.04 ± 0.02a	0.24 ± 0.06b	0.49 ± 0.03c	2.68	−1.03	3.71	NF
NI2	0.03 ± 0.01a	0.11 ± 0.02b	0.06 ± 0.02a,b	1.90	0.89	1.01	NF
Galactopyranosyl bromide, tetraacetate	0.22 ± 0.07a	0.81 ± 0.20b	0.00 ± 0.00c	1.88	>10	<−10	NF
NI3	0.04 ± 0.01a	0.07 ± 0.02a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.85	>10	<−10	NF
NI4	0.05 ± 0.02a	0.09 ± 0.03a,b	0.11 ± 0.01b	0.84	−0.34	1.18	NF
NI5	2.09 ± 0.56a	3.55 ± 0.85a,b	4.06 ± 0.49b	0.77	−0.19	0.96	NF
l‐Altrose	2.03 ± 0.36a	3.00 ± 0.45a	0.07 ± 0.01b	0.56	5.41	−4.84	NF
NI6	0.04 ± 0.01a	0.07 ± 0.03a,b	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.56	>10	<−10	NF
Glucopyranosiduronic acid	0.33 ± 0.04a	0.48 ± 0.04a	0.25 ± 0.03b	0.55	0.97	−0.42	NF
Propanoic acid	0.34 ± 0.04a	0.45 ± 0.08a,b	0.55 ± 0.06b	0.43	−0.28	0.71	NF
d‐glucosone	0.17 ± 0.06a	0.22 ± 0.06a	2.04 ± 0.13b	0.38	−3.23	3.60	NF
Hexopyranose	3.52 ± 1.24a	4.57 ± 0.95a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.38	>10	<−10	NF
Docosane	0.05 ± 0.01a	0.06 ± 0.02a	0.29 ± 0.04b	0.38	−2.28	2.66	NF
Butanedioic acid	0.45 ± 0.07a	0.57 ± 0.09a	1.20 ± 0.07b	0.34	−1.08	1.42	NF
NI7	2.38 ±0.36a	2.96 ± 0.76a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.32	>10	<−10	NF
Galacturonic acid	0.15 ± 0.03a	0.18 ± 0.02a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.27	>10	<−10	NF
Phosphate	0.49 ± 0.08a	0.59 ± 0.07a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.26	>10	<−10	NF
Methyl glucopyranoside	1.41 ± 0.31a	1.69 ± 0.47a	0.55 ± 0.15b	0.26	1.63	−1.37	NF
Niacin	0.06 ± 0.02a	0.06 ± 0.03a,b	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.15	>10	<−10	NF
Phosphoric acid propyl ester	0.48 ± 0.15a	0.49 ± 0.22a,b	0.11 ± 0.07b	0.05	2.21	−2.17	NF
Phenylethanolamine	0.07 ± 0.02a	0.07 ± 0.03a	0.25 ± 0.02b	−0.06	−1.81	1.75	NF
NI10	11.59 ± 1.58a	10.37 ± 1.33a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−0.16	>10	<−10	NF
7,7′,8,8′,11,11′,12,12′,15,15′‐decahydro‐carotene	0.33 ± 0.15a	0.24 ± 0.11a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−0.48	>10	<−10	NF
1‐benzopyran‐4‐one	0.31 ± 0.09a	0.22 ± 0.06a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−0.51	>10	<−10	NF
Quinic acid	0.59 ± 0.11a	0.42 ± 0.12a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−0.51	>10	<−10	NF
l‐Threonic acid	3.77 ± 0.79a	2.45 ± 0.45a,b	1.60 ± 0.39b	−0.63	0.61	−1.24	NF
NI11	1.35 ± 0.33a	0.85 ± 0.21a	0.01 ± 0.00b	−0.67	6.62	−7.30	NF
4‐O‐β‐Galactopyranosyl‐d‐mannopyranose	0.06 ± 0.02a	0.04 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−0.74	>10	<−10	NF
Glyceryl‐glycoside	2.42 ± 0.39a	1.31 ± 0.19b	0.00 ± 0.00c	−0.89	>10	<−10	NF
NI12	0.12 ± 0.04a	0.06 ± 0.02a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−1.02	>10	<−10	NF
NI13	0.15 ± 0.05a	0.07 ± 0.04a,b	0.00 ± 0.00b	−1.12	>10	<−10	NF
Dihydro‐3,4‐dimethyl‐2(3H)‐furanone	0.05 ± 0.01a	0.02 ± 0.00b	0.00 ± 0.00c	−1.17	>10	<−10	NF
NI14	0.12 ± 0.05a	0.05 ± 0.02a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−1.22	>10	<−10	NF
NI15	0.34 ± 0.08a	0.14 ± 0.03b	0.00 ± 0.00c	−1.29	>10	<−10	NF
NI16	0.16 ± 0.04a	0.06 ± 0.01b	0.00 ± 0.00c	−1.39	>10	<−10	NF
Ribono‐1,4‐lactone	0.12 ± 0.02a	0.04 ± 0.01b	0.10 ± 0.03a,b	−1.45	−1.19	−0.26	NF
NI17	0.23 ± 0.05a	0.08 ± 0.02b	2.42 ± 0.32c	−1.48	−4.87	3.39	NF
3‐Penten‐2‐one	0.21 ± 0.06a	0.07 ± 0.02b	0.00 ± 0.00c	−1.65	>10	<−10	NF
NI18	0.05 ± 0.02a	0.02 ± 0.01a,b	0.00 ± 0.00b	−1.68	>10	<−10	NF
Mannobiose	4.03 ± 1.09a	1.13 ± 0.55b	15.40 ± 1.52c	−1.84	−3.77	1.93	NF
NI19	0.37 ± 0.11a	0.09 ± 0.03b	0.00 ± 0.00c	−2.03	>10	<−10	NF
NI20	0.58 ± 0.17a	0.13 ± 0.03b	0.00 ± 0.00c	−2.20	>10	<−10	NF
NI21	0.34 ± 0.15a	0.05 ± 0.01a	0.00 ± 0.00b	−2.88	>10	<−10	NF
Tricosane	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.69 ± 0.09b	ND	<−10	>10	NF
Ethyl‐d‐glucopyranoside	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.02 ± 0.00b	ND	<−10	>10	NF

NF = not found; NI = not identified.

^aMetabolites with zero area values were below the detection limit of the GC‐MS instrument.

^bDifferent letters represent significant differences in the relative intensities of each metabolite when comparing N, SV, and CMV samples.

^cValues represent the logarithm base 2 of the fold change (log2 FC) in metabolite intensity between two sample classes.