FIGURE 3.

Schematic overview of pathways activated downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. RTK receptors mediate outside signals to the interior of the cell through the cell membrane penetrating domains. Extracellular ligand binding induces receptor dimerization, which activates several intracellular cascades including MAPK, PLC/PKC, SRC, JAK/STAT, and PI3K/AKT. These signaling pathways induce transcriptional responses in the nucleus and changes of protein activities in the cytosol leading to cellular reactions such as proliferation, differentiation, growth, survival, and migration.