Table 1.
Phenotype in genetic models of trophic factors.
| Gene | Mouse model | Renal phenotype | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gdnf | Knockout | No kidneys, budding | 1, 2, 3 |
| Gdnf | Knockout het | Hypoplasia, 30% reduced nephron number | 4 |
| Gdnf | Hypermorph | Hypodysplasia, branching | 5 |
| Ret | Knockout | 70% no kidneys, 30% hypodysplasia | 6 |
| Ret | Ret51 hypomorph | Hypodysplasia, branching | 7 |
| Gfra1 | Knockout | No kidneys, budding | 8 |
| Gfra1 | UB-knockout | No kidneys, budding | 9 |
| Fgf7 | Knockout | Hypoplasia, branching | 10 |
| Fgf8 | Knockout | Hypodysplasia, nephrogenesis | 11, 12 |
| Fgf9 | Knockout | Normal | 13 |
| Fgf10 | Knockout | Mild hypodysplasia, branching | 14 |
| Fgf20 | Knockout | Mild hypodysplasia, nephrogenesis | 13 |
| Fgf9/20 | Het; knockout | Hypodysplasia; premature NP differentiation | 13 |
| Fgf9/20 | Double knockout | Aplasia, NP establishment | 13 |
| Fgfr1 | UB-knockout | Normal | 15 |
| Fgfr2 | UB-knockout | Hypodysplasia, branching | 15 |
| Frs2 | UB-knockout | Mild hypodysplasia, branching | 16 |
| Frs2 | NP-knockout | Hypoplasia, cysts | 17 |
| Fgfr1 | MM or NP-knockout | Normal | 18, 19 |
| Fgfr2 | MM or NP-knockout | Normal | 18, 19 |
| Fgf1/2 | MM -knockout | Aplasia, NP maintenance | 18 |
| Fgfr1/2 | NP-knockout | Cystic dysplasia, NP depletion | 19 |
| Fgfl1 | Knockout | Severe hypodysplasia, nephrogenesis | 20 |
| Spry1 | Knockout | Cystic hypodysplasia, budding & branching | 21 |
| Gdnf; Spry1 | Knockout | Normal, mild branching | 21, 22 |
| Ret; Spry1 | Knockout | Normal | 23 |
| Mek1 | UB-knockout | Normal | 24 |
| Mek1 | NP-knockout | Normal | 25 |
| Mek2 | Knockout | Normal | 24, 25 |
| Mek1/2 | UB-knockout | Hypodysplasia, branching | 24 |
| Mek1/2 | NP-knockout | Nephrogenesis, NP maintenance & differentiation | 25 |
| Pten | UB-knockout | Mild hypodysplasia, branching | 26 |
| Shp2 | UB-knockout | Hypodysplasia, branching | 27 |
| Shp2; Spry1 | UB-knockout | Hypodysplasia, branching | 27 |
Phenotype in genetic models of classical trophic factors functioning in developing kidney. Gene-column indicates the gene inactivated in a given study, Mouse model indicates the type of gene modification, and Renal phenotype first states the overall renal pathology followed by tissue of origin in italics. Abbreviations; NP, nephron progenitor; UB, ureteric bud. References: 1(Moore et al., 1996), 2(Pichel et al., 1996), 3(Sanchez et al., 1996), 4(Cullen-McEwen et al., 2001), 5(Kumar et al., 2015), 6(Schuchardt et al., 1994), 7(De Graaff et al., 2001), 8(Cacalano et al., 1998), 9(Keefe Davis et al., 2013), 10(Qiao et al., 1999), 11(Perantoni et al., 2005), 12(Grieshammer et al., 2005), 13(Barak et al., 2012), 14(Ohuchi et al., 2000), 15(Zhao et al., 2004), 16(Sims-Lucas et al., 2011b), 17(Puri et al., 2016) 18(Poladia et al., 2006), 19(Di Giovanni et al., 2015), 20(Gerber et al., 2009), 21(Basson et al., 2005), 22(Michos et al., 2010), 23(Rozen et al., 2009), 24(Ihermann-Hella et al., 2014), 25(Ihermann-Hella et al., 2018), 26(Kim and Dressler, 2007), 27(Willecke et al., 2011).