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. 2018 Nov 12;9:1630. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01630

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Copyright © 2018 Etienne, Breton, Breitler, Bertrand, Déchamp, Awada, Marraccini, Léran, Alpizar, Campa, Courtel, Georget and Ducos.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Coffee genetic transformation. Morphological (A1,B1,C1) and histological (A2,B2,C2) aspect of the different callus phenotypes observed in maintained embryogenic cultures assayed for coffee genetic transformation: (A1,A2) whitish type; (B1,B2) yellow type competent for genetic transformation comprising proembryogenic masses (PEMs); (C1,C2) gray type. (D) Transformation efficiency depending on the phenotype of maintained embryogenic callus cultures. (E) Effect of the age of the embryogenic callus culture on A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation efficiency (from Ribas et al., 2011).